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When I was in London recently I visited Regents Park to see the Frieze Sculpture exhibition. Walking down Portland Place from Oxford Street it occurred to me that I've not explored this part of London much. There's quite a bit of grand Georgian architecture in the area so I'll have to return and wander a bit more. Afterall, they don't make 'em like this anymore.......

 

You can see more window and doors here :

www.flickr.com/photos/darrellg/albums/72157602392459907

 

From Wikipedia : "Portland Place is a street in the Marylebone district of central London. Named after the Third Duke of Portland, the unusually wide street is home to the BBC Broadcasting House, Chinese and Polish embassies, and the Royal Institute of British Architects.

 

The street was laid out by the brothers Robert and James Adam for the Duke of Portland in the 1770s and originally ran north from the gardens of a detached mansion called Foley House. It was said that the exceptional width of the street was conditioned by the Duke's obligation to his tenant, Lord Foley, that his views to the north would not be obscured.

 

In the early 19th century, Portland Place was incorporated into the royal route from Carlton House to Regent's Park via Langham Place, developed for the Prince Regent by John Nash. The street is unusually wide for central London (33 metres / 110 feet). The ambitious plans included a third circus to complement Piccadilly Circus and Oxford Circus known as Regent's Circus; the remains of this plan survive today in the wide space surrounding the street's junction with Marylebone Road.

 

Portland Place still contains many of the spacious Georgian terraced houses built by the Adams, as well as some early 20th century buildings and a few post World War II bombing."

 

© D.Godliman

Por Ignacio Caballero García y Blanca Gago Domínguez.

 

Acerca del libro / El libro en La Central

 

Editorial Montesinos

 

Rara Facebook

  

Diseño de la portada: Miguel R. Cabot

The Falls Park Pavilion is undoubtedly the place where most people who visit Evandale congregate. I can't give you a definitive date for this building, but my guess is the 1950s (please correct me if you know the true one). But it is a magnificent wooden building and beautifully symmetrical.

 

Each Sunday (current restrictions aside) thousands of people make their way to Falls Park and the Evandale Market. Local produce and arts and crafts are a popular attraction, but bric-a-brac stalls enable you to find almost anything you want.

 

Each year on the Labour Day long weekend in March the pavilion is home to Australia's most expensive contemporary landscape art award, named after Australia's first great colonial landscape painter, John Glover. www.johnglover.com.au/

 

One of the past winners of this award is the local artist Josh Foley (if you check my artist's album you'll find his most recent exhibition). But I'll say I'm perplexed at how the Glover legacy has been stretched by this award. Contemporary art it is. Landscape as a genre? Well, only by the broadest possible definition. And increasingly the winners have become more "political". Like its portrait counterpart - the Archibald Prize - the people's choice award is never the same as that chosen by the judges.

 

Now I'm fine with choosing works like this year's winner Robert O'Connor's, "Somewhere on the Midlands", as contemporary art. But a lamb roast on a plate as "landscape"? Why refer to a genre if you can't stick to it? The same applies in photography by the way. In any case Robert O'Connor (a very fine artist!) tells us that he entered the prize merely to "take the piss", and that the prize deserved to go to another landscape artist from Queenstown. francesvinall.wordpress.com/2020/03/07/i-was-trying-to-ta...

 

Judges spoofed? It's happened in art circles in Australia before, most notably with the poetry scandal known as the "Ern Malley Affair". www.abc.net.au/archives/80days/stories/2011/10/27/3367929...

Or you may remember Helen 'Demidenko' Darville, the Queensland writer who manufactured an entire fictitious family history and passed it off as biography, and in the process won three of Australia's most prestigious literary awards. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230287846_10

 

So starting tomorrow I will try to tell you something about who John Glover was. He is certainly the Evandale district's most famous citizen.

 

IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship

Continental Tire Road Race Showcase

Road America, Elkhart Lake, WI USA

Sunday August 5, 2018

 

World Copyright: Peter Burke

LAT Images

S15 Class 4-6-0 506 was a guest locomotive at the Severn Valley Railway's Spring Gala recently and is seen here emerging from the tunnel at Foley Park, heading a passenger train towards Bewdley.

Designed by Robert Urie for the LSWR, 506 was built at Eastleigh and entered service in 1920.

Taken into Southern Railway stock at grouping in 1923 and then British Railways stock at nationalisation in 1948, she was eventually withdrawn for scrapping in 1964.

She re-entered service in 2019 after her latest overhaul, which lasted 18 years and can usually be found on the Mid-Hants Railway.

75069 heads through the pre dusk gloom of a grey January afternoon and brightens the scene for a moment during the Severn Valley Railway Winter Steam Gala

Shafston House comprises a group of buildings constructed between 1851 and the 1930s, set in substantial grounds with frontage to the Brisbane River. The main house was constructed in several stages between 1851 and 1904.

 

The southern part of Kangaroo Point along the riverfront as far as Norman Creek was surveyed into acreage allotments by James Warner in mid-1850. The Rev. Robert Creyke (Church of England) purchased from the Crown two of these allotments (eastern suburban allotments 44 and 45) containing just over 10¾ acres with frontage to the Brisbane River, just within the Brisbane town boundary. A deed of grant was issued to him in November 1851. On portion 44 he constructed a single-storeyed house that he called Ravenscott. Creyke joined a number of Brisbane's early gentry and pastoralists from the hinterland who, in the 1840s and 1850s, established town estates along the Brisbane River, most of them just outside the official town boundaries. These included Newstead (1846) near Breakfast Creek, Toogoolawah (later Bulimba, 1849-50) across the river from Newstead, Riversdale (now Mowbray Park, early 1850s), Milton (c1852 or 1853) just beyond the western town boundary and Eskgrove (1853) downstream from Shafston and Riversdale.

 

An 1851 sketch of Ravenscott attributed to visiting artist Conrad Martins shows a long, single-storeyed, low-set residence with verandahs and hipped roof, overlooking the Brisbane River. The grounds were mostly cleared and included outbuildings, the whole enclosed by a post and rail fence.

 

In December 1852 Creyke's Kangaroo Point property was transferred to Darling Downs pastoralist and politician Henry Stuart Russell, who in his memoires states that he 'completed' the house and re-named it Shafston, likely after his wife's birthplace in Jamaica. This implies that the core of Shafston House incorporates the earlier Ravenscott. Russell also purchased a number of neighbouring blocks to create a town riverine estate of over 44 acres (17.6 hectares).

 

In April 1854 Russell advertised Shafston for letting or sale. At this time the house, constructed of brick and stone, contained a drawing room and dining room separated by folding doors, five large bedrooms, closets and a roomy pantry. A passage 67 feet long ran nearly the length of the house. Beneath the drawing room was a stone dairy, larder and wine-cellar 8 feet high. There was a verandah 160 feet in length. At the rear, attached via a covered way, was a brick service block, which included a large kitchen (stone flagged), two servants' bedrooms, large laundry, store rooms and offices. Off the laundry was a drying yard enclosed by a paling fence. A large brick outbuilding contained a two-stall stables, coach-house, harness room and 2 grooms' rooms, with a loft over all. Other improvements included a fowl-house, well and a garden of about 3 acres enclosed by a paling fence. The whole property, which comprised approximately 44 acres, was enclosed with a four-rail hardwood fence. Most of the improvements had been made within the previous 18 months (that is, since late 1852 when Russell had acquired the property).

 

Shafston did not sell in 1854 and was offered for sale again in October 1855. By this time Russell had vacated the premises and it was operating as a boarding house. The ground floor comprised 8 rooms, staircase and china closet and had hardwood joists and flooring. There was a verandah front and back, the front verandah being 56 feet long and 10 feet wide, under which there were three spacious cellars. French doors opened onto the front verandah. The dining and drawing rooms were separated by folding doors. The attic contained three rooms, two of which were large enough to make suitable bedrooms 'if required'. This suggests that the 5 bedrooms mentioned in the 1854 advertisement were all located on the ground floor. Attached was a kitchen, servants' rooms and pantry, with a verandah at the front. There was a substantial stable 25 feet by 15 feet.

 

Again the property did not sell. Tenants in the 1850s included Nehemiah Bartley and Brisbane solicitor Daniel Foley Roberts and his family.

 

A sketch of Shafston dated c1858 shows a substantial, single-storeyed house with a front verandah, a high-pitched roof, attic rooms and three dormer windows overlooking the Brisbane River.

 

Title to the estate was transferred to grazier and sugar-grower Louis Hope in October 1859. It appears that Hope did not reside at Shafston. Gilbert Eliot, Speaker of the Queensland Parliament, tenanted Shafston House from 1860 to 1871 and tenants in the 1870s included William Barker of Telemon Station and Dr and Mrs Henry Challinor.

 

In 1875 Hope subdivided the property and in late 1876, during William Barker's tenancy, Shafston House on just over 4 acres (1.6 hectares) of riverfront land was advertised for sale. The house contained 9 rooms on the ground floor and had changed little since 1854: a brick and stone house with a roof of hardwood shingles and iron, drawing room ("the largest and coolest to be found in any private family in this colony"), dining room, five bedrooms, closets, dressing and bath rooms, kitchen and about six servants' apartments, a large brick stable with two stalls, coach-house, man's room and hay-house and galvanised iron and underground water storage tanks. No sale was transacted at this time and in August 1881 the same advertisement was run in the Brisbane Courier.

 

In mid-1883 Shafston House was transferred to Mary Jane Foster, wife of Charles Milne Foster of Brisbane ironmongers Foster and Kelk. Foster had learnt the family ironmongery business in Lincoln, Yorkshire and after emigrating to Queensland he established in Brisbane with his brother-in-law the successful ironmongery firm of Foster and Kelk. The Fosters, who resided at Shafston House until 1896, reputedly remodelled the house in the early 1880s, the architect for this work thought to be former Queensland Colonial Architect, FDG Stanley. The remodelling at this period appears to have included replacing the verandahs in their present form, adding the entry portico and more elaborate and picturesque Gothic detailing. The bay windows also were probably added at this time.

 

In the late 1890s and early 1900s the house was occupied sequentially by tenants EB Bland, manager of the BISN Company; John F McMullen; and William Gray of Webster & Co.

 

By 1903 pastoralist James Henry McConnel of Cressbrook in the Brisbane River Valley, had occupied Shafston House as his family's town house. Title to the property was transferred to him in 1904 and in that year he commissioned noted Brisbane architect Robin Smith Dods to undertake a third renovation of the house. Dods' contribution appears to have been the elaborate timber work in the front hall and the two main public rooms (drawing and dining rooms) and likely the windows in the dormers. His work includes decorative elements like the fireplaces, timber fretwork to the entrance and the cupboard below the stair.

 

Shafston House remained the McConnel home until c1913 and in 1915 it was leased to the Creche and Kindergarten Association as a teacher training centre.

 

In 1919, in the aftermath of the Great War of 1914-1918, the property was acquired by the Commonwealth government and converted into an Anzac Hostel for the care and treatment of totally and permanently incapacitated ex-servicemen. Anzac Hostels were established in most Australian states at this period.

 

At this time the property consisted of the main house, kitchen block, stables and a bush house. The 1919 alterations were extensive. The main house initially served both hostel and administrative functions, with the former drawing room being converted into a ward, the dining room retaining its original function and the bedrooms occupied as nurses room, matron's room, etc. A study and a bedroom at the western end of the house were combined by the removal of a wall to create a recreation room. The attic level, which in 1919 was a single open space, was partitioned into bedrooms for nurses and a box room, with the landing retained as a common room. The kitchen courtyard was roofed and two new rooms were constructed in that space. A timber laundry block was constructed to the south of the kitchen and the stables were converted into orderlies' quarters.

 

To accommodate the returned servicemen a large open-sided ward block was erected in the terraced front grounds to the northeast of the house in 1919, connected to the house via a covered way. This single-storeyed building was high-set on stumps with an attached ablutions block on the eastern side. It demonstrated aspects of public health theory, especially the benefits of fresh air in the recuperative process and in maintaining good health, popular at the time. Theory was translated into practice in a number of government designs for public buildings such as open-sided school blocks and hospital wards in the 1910s and early 1920s.

 

Anzac Hostel received its first patients on 19 July 1920 and functioned as a repatriation hospital until c1969.

 

In the late 1920s and 1930s the Commonwealth subdivided and sold the southern part of the property, reducing the house grounds to just over 2 acres (0.8 hectare). At this time the early brick stables building, which was located on the subdivided land, was demolished and replaced in 1928 by a small timber building constructed to the northwest of the house as quarters for orderlies working at the hostel. This building comprised three rooms and a verandah and toilets at the rear. The 1919 laundry block was moved to a position just east of the kitchen block and a new garage was constructed in the southwest corner of the remaining grounds, near Thorn Street.

 

In 1937 the East Brisbane Postal Depot was constructed for the Postmaster General's Department in the southwest corner of the property, between Thorn Street and the hostel garage. It comprised a single room, 14 feet by 12½ feet. A large 'L'-shaped extension was erected in 1951, for use as a mail sorting room.

 

From 1969 to 1987 the place was occupied by the Royal Australian Air Force. The change in use necessitated a number of alterations to the fabric of the place, including rearrangements of offices, installation of a bar and fire-escapes, upgrading of bathroom facilities, new floor finishes, enclosure of verandahs and the enclosing of the previously open sub-floor in the main house. A garage and store were erected between the ward block and the river. Work to the grounds included new paving, new fences along the street frontages, new street entrances, new driveways, parking areas and tree planting along the Castlebar Street and southern boundaries. By 1981 the main house was used as an administrative headquarters and mess and as offices for the RAAF police; a Movement Control Centre had been established in the ward block; the headquarters of the Queensland Air Training Corps was located in the former kitchen block; the RAAF Public Relations and Photographic Section was accommodated in the garage/former postal depot; and the former orderlies building had been converted into a tavern.

 

In 1978 the cultural heritage significance of Shafston House was recognised by its inclusion in the Commonwealth Register of the National Estate and in the 1980s conservation work carried out on the main house.

 

In 1988 Shafston House was leased to a Brisbane entrepreneur under two consecutive ninety-nine year leases. After failing to gain local government approval for use of the property as a restaurant and function venue, the house was refurbished as a residence. The 1919 laundry was demolished and a new garage constructed adjacent to the early kitchen building. The ward block was refurbished, additional bathrooms installed in the house and changes were made to landscaping.

 

In 1994 the lease was transferred to another entrepreneur and in 1995/96 the property was redeveloped as part of the Shafston International College. The main house was refurbished, with some loss of reconstructed colour schemes, and the link to the kitchen wing enclosed with a new sitting room. Further substantial works were carried out to the grounds and other buildings in the grounds, including enclosure of the open-air ward. A concrete board walk and new retaining walls were installed on the river frontage to Brisbane City Council requirements.

 

The property was converted to freehold title between 1998 and 2002.

 

Source: Queensland Heritage Register.

The inner city Brisbane suburb of New Farm wraps itself round the Brisbane River like a cloak. While much of it is nicely gentrified, there is a fair bit of new building going on. I truly hope all of the old places don't get torn down though, the new high rise and individual homes just don't have that old time elegance. Bit there is a vibe about New Farm, it is definitely the suburb for the up and coming also. Much of the adjacent Teneriffe has seen the conversion of old Wool Stores and warehouses, even the Sugar Refinery into modern housing units and almost all the industry has now gone. Luckily, the industrial past is remembered and celebrated in a number of areas in these suburbs.

 

But here's an oldie and thank heavens, it is not the last one standing. This one is for Jesse in Melbourne. Casa del Mar has an elegant two bedroom flat for sale. It was a difficult place to shoot, trees, cars etc but you get the idea and if you look closely at the photo on the real estate hoarding out the front, you may see that the living space for sale has retained its art deco period opulence and elegance. A fine place for Paddington and Scout to have a Brisbane base in Jesse!

 

The New Farm and District Historical Society has provided this history of this building.

  

"RAVENSWOOD, Casa del Rio and Casa del Mar were conceived in 1930 as part of a group of four apartment buildings, or “flats”, around a common courtyard, with a tennis court, gardens and a garage, to be built in the thirties. Today a tennis court has been reinstalled, but is now owned by the more recently built Casa de la Vista apartment block at number 38. The fourth block of flats was never built.

 

The buildings all share Mediterranean and Spanish Mission styles, especially Casa del Mar, while Casa del Rio has some English arts and craft features – heraldic leadlight windows and garlanded plaster-moulded ceilings. Ravenswood has an almost Tudoresque street appearance.

 

Magazine articles show that such flats were built for professional working people, both single and married. The flats were built as two bedroom apartments for rent, six per block, with the latest modcons – communal hot water, refrigeration, telephones, ducted garbage incineration and fitted bathrooms and kitchens. Ravenswood was designed by architect John Patrick Donoghue, who also built Holy Spirit church in Villiers Street. Casa del Mar was designed by the brilliant young architect George Rae, who designed Greystaines (Hamilton) and Green Gables in Julius Street. The architect for Casa del Rio is not known.

 

Ravenswood was built around 1930, and is named after the property of the same name owned by solicitor Daniel Foley Roberts, which extended from Bowen Terrace to the river. Casa del Mar was built in 1934, as was Casa del Rio which was finished around March and advertised for rent in April of that year. Casa del Rio was originally called Glenster Court, and advertised as unfurnished brick flats each with two bedrooms, lounge, breakfast room, kitchen, sun porch, garage, hot water service and refrigeration (Courier Mail 17th April). The flats are spacious and comfortable, in good repair and retain many original features, such as the leadlight windows, plaster ceilings and original bathroom tiles in Casa del Rio. These tiles have the same appearance as those on the floor of Gertie’s Bar at 699 Brunswick Street (maybe a coincidence?).

 

Casa del Rio was strata-titled in the nineties as was Casa del Mar around 2001, whereas Ravenswood is not yet strata-titled".

List of graduates by surname

Abromowitz, Belle - 1914

Abromowitz, Lena - 1913

Ahlborn, John - 1982

Aird, Amy - 1981

Aird, Annette - 1981

Allen, Frances - 1928

Allen, Helen - 1929

Allen, Marvin - 1934

Ames, Harry A - 1911

Ammerman, Hurley - 1939

Amundson, Clara - 1935

Amundson, Ethel - 1939

Amundson, Milton - 1937

Amundson, Myron - 1942

Anderson, Anna - 1945

Anderson, Ardith - 1953

Anderson, Signe - 1916

Anderson, Una - 1952

Anderson, Wayne - 1956

Andress, Charles - 1976

Andress, Charlotte - 1942

Andress, Dave - 1982

Andress, Gladys - 1930

Andress, Isabelle - 1942

Andress, Janyce - 1984

Andress, Jeanne - 1988

Andress, Judyne - 1984

Andress, Keith - 1960

Andress, Lois - 1957

Andress, Lori - 1979

Andress, Myrna - 1957

Andress, Pam - 1969

Andress, Ramona - 1942

Andress, Raymond - 1928

Andress, Robert - 1955

Andress, Ruth - 1940

Andress, Sheila - 1967

Andress, Sheryl - 1967

Andress, Virginia - 1947

Archer, Janice - 1956

Archer, Raymond - 1932

Archer, Stanley - 1958

Arnold, Florence - 1921

Arrington, Melinda - 1985

Axelson, Doris - 1937

Axelson, Larry - 1953

Axelson, Patricia - 1954

Axelson, Willis - 1926

Baesler, Laverne - 1951

Baker, Cyril - 1920

Baldwin, Shirley - 1956

Baldwin, Viola - 1952

Barber, Vernon B - 1915

Barkett, John - 1982

Barron, Raimond - 1974

Bayman, Brenda - 1984

Bayman, Delores - 1953

Bayman, Steve - 1983

Beach, Fred - 1939

Beach, Roland - 1942

Beck, Barb - 1971

Beck, John - 1975

Beck, Tom - 1970

Beckerleg, Jane - 1973

Beckerleg, Janet - 1977

Beckerleg, Kathleen - 1965

Beckerleg, Mary Lou - 1951

Beckerleg, Susan - 1972

Beckerleg, Thomas - 1979

Beckerleg, Tom - 1976

Becvar, Kathleen - 1945

Bell, Florence - 1925

Bell, Ida - 1924

Bellanger, Ruth - 1936

Belt, Karen (Schroeder) - 1984

Bennett, Holly - 1940

Bennett, Keith - 1937

Bennington, Rosalie - 1951

Bennor, Barbara - 1966

Bennor, Betty - 1974

Bennor, Doris - 1963

Bennor, Ellen Kay - 1977

Bennor, Karen - 1983

Bennor, Paul - 1985

Bennor, Perry - 1985

Benson, Betty - 1972

Benson, Earl - 1959

Benson, Enid - 1961

Benson, Paul - 1958

Benson, Ray - 1955

Berge, John - 1983

Biessener, Bernard - 1956

Biessener, Donna - 1980

Biessener, Irene - 1950

Biessener, Jerome - 1953

Biessener, Kathryn - 1953

Biessener, Lorraine - 1959

Biessener, Louise - 1946

Biessener, Marjorie - 1948

Biessener, Mark - 1984

Biessener, Mary - 1944

Biessener, Mike - 1981

Biessener, Roxanne - 1979

Biggin, Douglas - 1989

Biggin, Roberta - 1954

Bird, Calvin - 1959

Bixby, Linda - 1964

Bixby, Randall - 1962

Bixby, Teresa - 1981

Blanchard, Jeffrey - 1979

Blanchard, Joseph - 1977

Blanchard, Joyce - 1983

Blood, Charles - 1960

Blood, Dennis - 1957

Bly, Wayne - 1953

Boettcher, Arletta - 1943

Boettcher, Catherine - 1946

Boettcher, Diane - 1974

Boettcher, Dorothy - 1944

Boettcher, Frances - 1946

Boettcher, Joyce - 1950

Boettcher, Julie - 1977

Boettcher, Maurine - 1947

Boettcher, Maxine Donna - 1947

Bohmbach, Carole - 1956

Bohmbach, Lorraine - 1958

Bohmbach, Norman - 1954

Bohmbach, Vivian - 1955

Bohmbach, Wallace - 1929

Bombach, Evelyn - 1925

Booth, Phyllis - 1946

Booth, Rodby - 1948

Bowman, Lee - 1971

Boyd, Edwin - 1927

Bradt, Darlene - 1949

Bradt, Donna Bell - 1946

Brady, Michael - 1965

Brault, Arthur - 1950

Brault, Beatrice - 1952

Brault, Bernice - 1947

Brault, Neva - 1949

Brean, Frances - 1933

Brean, Willis - 1928

Briggs, Vera - 1910

Brooks, Leon - 1913

Brown, Ada - 1937

Brown, Allen - 1977

Brown, Bill - 1980

Brown, Carmen - 1969

Brown, Eugene - 1906

Brown, Mike - 1981

Brown, Richard - 1967

Brown, Steven - 1978

Brown, Todd - 1982

Bruno, Krishna - 1985

Buck, Cina - 1970

Buck, Denice - 1972

Buck, Gina - 1979

Buck, Larry - 1983

Buck, Robert - 1980

Buck, Tamara - 1977

Burns, Beverly - 1949

Burrows, Eunice - 1910

Busch, Dana - 1981

Busch, Darin - 1985

Busch, Dean - 1988

Butler, lona - 1923

Butler, Naida - 1922

Cafourek, Alfred - 1956

Carlson, Iver - 1934

Carlson, John - 1971

Carlson, Suzanne - 1979

Carter, Donna - 1988

Carter, Rae - 1980

Cary, Irene - 1947

Case, Alice - 1953

Case, Carol - 1951

Case, David - 1948

Case, Edward - 1955

Case, Keith - 1984

Case, Linda - 1968

Case, Marvin - 1986

Case, Michael - 1957

Case, Nancy - 1956

Case, Norma - 1950

Case, Pauline - 1942

Case, Phyllis - 1949

Case, Richard - 1961

Case, Sandra - 1964

Case, Sharon - 1959

Cerven, Kim - 1988

Chapman, Betty - 1942

Chase, Chris - 1974

Chase, David - 1960

Chase, Eugene - 1955

Chase, Kenneth - 1952

Chase, Kevin - 1984

Chase, Stan - 1977

Childs, David - 1949

Cirks, Gary - 1959

Clark, Anna Gail - 1939

Clark, Carol - 1952

Clark, Elsie - 1939

Clark, Lela - 1934

Clark, Mary - 1926

Clark, Russell - 1936

Clark, Shirley - 1928

Clason, Jack - 1933

Cohen, Bertha D - 1911

Cohen, Joseph - 1912

Cohen, Josie - 1909

Cohen, Lena - 1910

Condon, Mary - 1944

Conley, Frances - 1963

Conley, Joseph - 1961

Conley, Kathryn - 1977

Conley, Larry - 1962

Conley, Thomas - 1966

Cox, Bryan - 1976

Cox, Heather - 1984

Crafts, Charles, Jr - 1983

Crawford, Lori - 1989

Criss, John - 1940

Crookshank, Fern - 1940

Culver, Marion - 1949

Cunningham, Carole - 1960

Cunningham, Elton - 1959

Cunningham, Mabel - 1918

Cunningham, Merle - 1957

Czeczok, Lorraine - 1950

Czeczok, Margaret - 1948

Dahlquist, Mildred - 1932

Dahlquist, Ralph - 1935

Dahlquist, Ruth - 1928

Dahms, Joan - 1933

Dahms, Robert - 1947

Dahms, Rose Mary - 1942

Dahms, Walter - 1940

Daily, Helen - 1913

Dalen, Darlene - 1965

Dalen, Ella Mae - 1966

Daniels, Pauline - 1924

Davies, Herbert - 1932

Davis, Alvin - 1940

Davis, Isabelle - 1929

Davis, Jack - 1931

Davis, Thayer - 1906

Davis, Tom - 1909

DeMars, Frances - 1970

Dent, William - 1925

DeRoo, Aaron - 1989

Dewey, Cecyl M - 1915

Dickinson, Scott - 1986

Dighton, Grace - 1925

Dimmer, LeRoy - 1940

Dippold, George - 1967

Dippold, Mary - 1926

Disselbrett, Arrol - 1964

Disselbrett, Chester - 1956

Disselbrett, Delores - 1943

Dobson, Harriet - 1938

Dobson, Keith - 1944

Dobson, Loyd - 1945

Dobson, Lucille - 1935

Dobson, Orville - 1932

Dobson, Robert - 1924

Dobson, Vivian - 1948

Doppler, Anthony - 1942

Doppler, Charles - 1947

Doppler, Helene - 1941

Doppler, Laura - 1941

Downs, Dan - 1981

Downs, Donna - 1982

Downs, Richard - 1979

Duffy, Irene - 1941

Dunham, Audrey - 1973

Dunham, Jason - 1988

Dunham, Jeanne - 1959

Dunham, Jim - 1967

Dunham, John - 1965

Dunham, Laurel - 1970

Dunn, Patricia - 1988

Ebaugh, Richard - 1963

Ebaugh, Rosalind - 1962

Ebaugh, Tammy - 1983

Ebaugh, Tonja - 1988

Edelman, Jackee - 1988

Edelman, Jeff - 1984

Edelman, Judy - 1985

Edelman, Sandee - 1980

Egeland, Claudia - 1965

Egeland, Larry - 1959

Ekblad, Eva - 1938

Elavsky, Donovan - 1975

Elavsky, Jana - 1980

Elavsky, Joel - 1978

Elavsky, John - 1947

Elavsky, Karen - 1983

Elavsky, Mary - 1944

Elavsky, Mike - 1942

Elavsky, Neil - 1986

Elavsky, Ruth - 1957

Elavsky, Vivian - 1938

Elliot, Grace - 1912

Ellsworth, David - 1949

Ellsworth, Doris - 1951

Ellsworth, Dorothy - 1954

Ellsworth, JoAnn - 1960

Elphic, Grace - 1922

Engel, Virginia - 1978

Englebretson, Alice - 1921

Englebretson, Eddie - 1925

Englebretson, Esther - 1913

Englebretson, Selma - 1909

Engleking, Audrey - 1932

Engleking, Muriel - 1927

Erickson, Barbara - 1962

Erickson, Donna - 1974

Erickson, Genard - 1919

Erickson, James - 1968

Erickson, John - 1968

Erickson, Marie - 1958

Erickson, Mary - 1966

Erickson, Minerva - 1959

Erickson, Sadie - 1926

Erickson, Tom - 1972

Erickson, William - 1963

Evenson, Joseph - 1930

Evertz, Barbara - 1965

Evertz, Laura - 1961

Fagerman, Dawn - 1973

Fagerman, Jay - 1977

Farrington, Cindy - 1973

Farrington, Dennis - 1966

Farrington, James - 1963

Farrington, Robert - 1961

Felion, Art - 1935

Felion, Arthur - 1909

Felion, James - 1941

Felion, Jerome - 1939

Felion, Marcelle - 1935

Felion, Roderick (Roderc?) - 1922

Felion, Thomas - 1937

Fenzel, Ron - 1976

Fillbrandt, Ella - 1931

Fillbrandt, Louisa - 1925

Flavell, Agnes J - 1915

Flavell, Gertrude - 1917

Flavell, Winnie - 1914

Floodeen, Eddy - 1913

Floodeen, Ferry - 1912

Fogelberg, Alma - 1926

Fogelberg, Hattie - 1920

Foley, Tom - 1916

Foley, William - 1917

Ford, Henry - 1941

Fordyce, Marian - 1941

Fordyce, Patricia - 1953

Forester, William - 1925

Fox, Alvin - 1981

Fox, Jere - 1977

Fritcher, Mabel - 1906

Fritts, Eugene - 1925

Fritts, Lucille - 1936

Fritts, Mildred - 1921

Fritts, Ruth - 1924

Fritts, Warren - 1929

Gack, Ardis - 1979

Gack, Beverly - 1965

Gack, Bob - 1973

Gack, Burton - 1955

Gack, Delores - 1967

Gack, Irma - 1951

Gack, Ken - 1988

Gack, LaRae - 1969

Gack, Leona - 1942

Gack, Meri - 1968

Gack, Myron - 1963

Gack, Shirley - 1957

Gack, Tim - 1986

Galles, James - 1950

Galles, Jean - 1947

Geiger, Bette - 1951

Geiger, Donald - 1952

Geiger, Jennifer - 1955

Giles, Ruby E - 1911

Gitchel, Kenneth - 1969

Gitchel, Violet - 1965

Gleason, Delia - 1912

Gleason, Lynn - 1914

Gleason, Melvina - 1924

Gleason, Wayne - 1924

Goble, Deloris - 1952

Goehring, Charles - 1976

Goehring, Geraldine - 1957

Goehring, James - 1967

Goehring, Raymond - 1966

Goehring, Ronald - 1966

Goehring, Ruth - 1940

Goehring, Scott - 1987

Goehring, Shirley - 1969

Golberg, Betty - 1955

Golberg, Ernest - 1939

Golberg, Irene - 1942

Golberg, Jeff - 1974

Golberg, Lynne - 1965

Golberg, Marian - 1948

Golberg, Marjorie - 1943

Golberg, Ronald - 1966

Golberg, Scott - 1980

Golberg, Sharon - 1962

Golberg, Ted - 1946

Good, Merle - 1922

Good, Norma - 1921

Goodman, Harley - 1964

Gotschall, Robert - 1957

Gould, Louis - 1928

Granrud, Elnora - 1937

Gray, Richard - 1989

Graybeal, Esther - 1938

Gregg, Jane - 1950

Grimler, Clara - 1967

Grimler, Kathleen - 1966

Grimler, Paul - 1974

Gunkel, Carrie - 1974

Gunkel, Darcy - 1972

Gunkel, Ed - 1975

Gunkel, Janelle - 1969

Gunkel, Louise - 1966

Gunkel, Mark - 1982

Gustad, Carol - 1960

Gustad, Janelle - 1982

Gustad, Karen - 1959

Gustad, Linda - 1984

Gustad, Robert - 1965

Gustafson, Branson - 1949

Gustafson, Donald - 1943

Gustafson, Dwight - 1935

Gustafson, Emil John - 1942

Gustafson, Lillian - 1952

Gutierrez, Jeff - 1974

Gutierrez, Scott - 1981

Gutierrez, William - 1983

Haas, Herman - 1923

Haas, Mabel - 1924

Hackett, Dale - 1930

Haight, Gladys M - 1921

Hakala, Donna - 1977

Hakala, Ronald - 1980

Hakala, Sue - 1974

Hakala, Tom - 1975

Hamand, Claudia - 1971

Hamand, Jim - 1973

Hamand, Joe - 1981

Hamand, John - 1968

Hamm, David - 1976

Hamm, Debbie - 1986

Hamm, Jim - 1962

Hansen, Anna - 1909

Hansen, Carla - 1976

Hansen, Lance - 1988

Hanson, David - 1979

Hanson, Debbie - 1973

Hanson, Donald - 1983

Hanson, Ed - 1974

Hanson, Jolene - 1986

Hanson, Roger - 1977

Hanson, Roger D - 1978

Hanson, Violet - 1946

Harding, Daisy - 1910

Harding, Lila - 1947

Haring, Garold - 1953

Harms, Pam - 1971

Harms, Steve - 1965

Harris, James - 1941

Harris, James - 1965

Harris, Jim - 1989

Harris, Sandra - 1959

Harris, Susan - 1963

Hart, Carolyn - 1954

Hart, Jean - 1952

Hart, Louis - 1950

Hartman, Larry - 1966

Hartman, Milo - 1973

Harwood, Joyce - 1938

Hasbrook, Leonard - 1931

Hauser, Grant - 1986

Hayes, Anna Mae - 1948

Hayes, James - 1945

Hayes, Jim - 1971

Hayes, Joan - 1970

Hayes, Kathy May - 1977

Hayes, Lonnie - 1975

Hayes, Theresa - 1979

Hayes, Tom - 1943

Heldman, Gail - 1974

Hendricks, Clifford - 1959

Hendricks, Gary - 1961

Hendricks, Jon - 1957

Hendricks, Keith - 1982

Hendricks, William - 1963

Henne, Bob - 1975

Henne, Kathy - 1977

Henne, Thomas - 1979

Hensel, Charlene - 1979

Hensel, Dale - 1981

Herdina, Jeanette - 1970

Herdina, Karen Kay - 1977

Hildreth, Cecelia - 1951

Hinds, Lee - 1955

Hiserote, Gene - 1948

Hoff, Inez - 1916

Holland, Alice - 1912

Holland, Carolyn - 1967

Holland, Clarence - 1929

Holland, LeRoy - 1960

Holland, Marilyn - 1948

Holland, Marlys - 1974

Holland, Neil - 1962

Holland, Ralph - 1938

Holland, Sheryl - 1979

Holland, Vernon - 1950

Houchin, Daniel - 1965

Houchin, Tina - 1986

Howard, June - 1975

Howard, Margie - 1953

Howard, Robert - 1950

Hubbard, Mabel (Mrs.) - 1923

Hudson, Della - 1952

Hudson, Denise - 1985

Hudson, Duane - 1982

Hudson, Matt - 1985

Hudson, Rae - 1984

Humiston, Jerri - 1978

Humiston,Todd - 1980

Hunter, Ailene - 1907

Hunter, Louis - 1922

Hunter, Marjorie - 1912

Hurlburt, Tim - 1976

Hurlburt,Tom - 1976

Hurst, Ardyth - 1947

Hurst, David - 1943

Hurst, Elaine - 1947

Hurst, Stanley - 1951

Hutchinson, DeeAnn - 1977

Hysing, Duane - 1935

Hysing, Kenneth - 1927

Hysing, Vergyl - 1930

Ingman, Fern - 1943

Ingman, Joanne - 1954

Ingram, Laurence - 1939

Ivens, Lora - 1984

Jackson, Melvin - 1958

Jadwin, Gary - 1963

Jarman, Steve - 1967

Jarman, Vicki - 1964

Jarva, Carol - 1962

Jarva, Marlys - 1966

Jenson, Julien - 1914

Jesperson, Agnes - 1940

Jesperson, Carrie - 1937

Jesperson, Elmer - 1944

Jesperson, Ivar - 1936

Jesperson, Jennie - 1948

Jesperson, Leonard - 1957

Jesperson, Nellie - 1946

Jesperson, Selma - 1938

Johnson, Alan - 1972

Johnson, Axel - 1933

Johnson, Bonnie - 1965

Johnson, Brad - 1984

Johnson, Carl - 1934

Johnson, Carol - 1962

Johnson, Clara - 1921

Johnson, Clifford - 1986

Johnson, Dennis - 1986

Johnson, Edith - 1931

Johnson, Eric - 1988

Johnson, Esther - 1932

Johnson, Fred - 1933

Johnson, Helen - 1937

Johnson, Jerry - 1957

Johnson, Joan - 1962

Johnson, Lee - 1974

Johnson, Madelyn - 1939

Johnson, Merton - 1938

Johnson, Michele - 1979

Johnson, Minnie - 1921

Johnson, Nathan - 1938

Johnson, Orville - 1965

Johnson, Peggy - 1970

Johnson, Philip - 1967

Johnson, Roy - 1937

Jones, Karen - 1968

Julius, Don - 1983

Julius, Sandra (Gack) - 1989

Kansier, Donald - 1941

Kansier, Doris - 1940

Karl, Jody - 1985

Karl, Kimberly - 1979

Karl, Louis - 1952

Karl, Scott - 1981

Karl, Shawn - 1982

Karlsgodt, Eindred - 1944

Karlsgodt, Herman - 1943

Kastner, Helen - 1937

Kastner, Irene - 1943

Kastner, William - 1964

Katzenburger (Mastny), Milo - 1933

Keating, Edward - 1955

Keller, Teresa - 1980

Keller, Trevor - 1986

Kelly, Dick - 1942

Kelsey, Ben - 1951

Kelsey, Betty - 1950

Kelsey, Frank - 1974

Kelsey, Kathryn - 1952

Kelsey, Linda - 1972

Kelsey, Nancy - 1957

Kelsey, RoxAnne - 1970

Kelsey, Suzanne - 1967

Kelsey, Wilma - 1939

Kerwin, Kenneth - 1940

Kerwin, Roy - 1939

Kinnon, Lucille - 1924

Klienegger, Marian - 1912

Knott, Grace - 1962

Knott, Mabel - 1937

Knott, Matt - 1955

Knott, Norma - 1935

Knott, Ruth - 1952

Knouse, John - 1989

Knouse, Raymond - 1986

Knowles, Dawn - 1988

Kocurek, Nancy - 1954

Kocurek, Nina - 1952

Kocurek, Woodrow - 1956

Koehnen, Gregory - 1978

Koehnen, Jeffrey - 1972

Kovach, Alex - 1979

Kovach, April - 1977

Kovach, Ardyce - 1976

Kovach, Janet - 1978

Kovach, John - 1960

Kovach, Martha - 1955

Kovach, Thomas - 1963

Kramer, Barb - 1984

Kramer, Iris - 1960

Kramer, James - 1984

Kramer, Jerry - 1985

Kramer, Jerry - 1988

Kramer, Joan - 1962

Kramer, Kathy - 1982

Kramer, Kenneth - 1969

Kramer, Loren - 1967

Kramer, Mary - 1968

Kramer, Michelle - 1985

Kramer, Paul - 1988

Kramer, Peter - 1986

Kramer, Susan - 1967

Kramer, Tom - 1964

Kriens, Bernard - 1955

Kriens, Bruce - 1974

Kriens, Curtis - 1977

Kriens, David - 1971

Kriens, Denice - 1973

Kriens, Dennis - 1975

Kriens, Kathleen - 1949

Kriens, Tim - 1986

Kubat, Cyndi - 1970

Kubat, Rosie - 1973

Kuckler, Betty - 1949

Kuckler, Carol - 1960

Kuckler, Carol - 1960

Kuckler, Donna - 1951

Kugler, Karen - 1988

Kugler, Terry - 1986

Kulig, Matthew - 1980

Kulig, Stacy - 1986

Kulig, Tracy - 1986

Kurtz, Dorothy - 1933

Kusunoki, Midori - 1981

Kvenbo, Helen - 1932

La Barge, Elizabeth - 1938

La Barge, Walter - 1939

Lamb, Frank - 1956

Lamb, Frank, Jr - 1980

Lamb, Karl - 1958

Lamb, Vincent - 1985

Lamb, Wanda - 1981

LaMois, Francis - 1924

LaMois, Loyd - 1941

Land, Tammy - 1976

Lang, Elmer - 1935

Lang, Loretta - 1931

Lanning, Dawn - 1989

Lanning, Vernal - 1985

Larson, Ernest - 1910

Larson, Esther - 1907

Larson, Selina - 1986

Larson, Vienna - 1914

Lecy, Cindy - 1981

Lecy, Daniel - 1972

Lee, Agnes - 1907

Lee, Clara - 1941

Lee, Leona - 1939

Lee, Marie - 1942

Leeseberg, Elizabeth - 1949

Leeseberg, Mary - 1942

Leeseberg, Phyllis - 1944

Leeseberg, Richard - 1954

Leeseberg, Virginia - 1939

Leeseberg, William - 1953

Lemke, Clinton - 1949

Lemke, Mavis - 1940

Lemon, Charles - 1940

Lemon, Grant - 1923

Lemon, Jane - 1956

Lemon, Joyce - 1948

Lemon, Sarah - 1943

Lenander, Bryan - 1984

Lenander, Carol - 1962

Lenander, Carole - 1953

Lenander, David - 1969

Lenander, Diane - 1963

Lenander, Edward - 1955

Lenander, Linda - 1966

Lenander, Ray - 1958

Lenander, Sonja - 1956

Lenander, William - 1960

Lennberg, Otto - 1969

Lennberg, Roy - 1937

Lennberg, Virginia - 1944

Lennberg, William - 1960

LePouce, Jackie - 1958

Lish, Peter - 1963

Lithio, Virgil - 1924

Lockwood, Maude M. - 1915

Longfellow, Kendall - 1927

Lorenz, Willard - 1915

Lueck, Malinda - 1982

Lueck, Mark - 1980

Luft, Leo - 1950

Luft, Mary - 1955

Luft, Raymond - 1953

Lundgren, Oscar - 1921

Lundgren, Raymond - 1949

Lyons, Idella - 1926

Malerich, Charles - 1962

Malerich, Joseph - 1933

Malerich, Mary - 1943

Malerich, Thomas - 1965

Marble, Hugh - 1927

Mason, Eunice - 1945

Mason, Jean - 1950

Matteson, Dale - 1941

Matteson, Douglas - 1946

Matteson, Sherry - 1965

May, Betty - 1945

May, Billie - 1955

May, Clifford - 1960

May, Donald - 1952

May, James - 1955

McAllister, Doris - 1939

McBride, Harold - 1915

McClain, Cecil - 1933

McGuire, Pat - 1975

McGuire, Suzanne - 1978

McLaury, Donald - 1972

McLaury, Joe - 1981

McLaury, Michael - 1978

McLevis, Cary - 1986

McLevis, Lori Ann - 1986

Meier, Orphelia - 1941

Melby, David - 1948

Menning, Agnes - 1932

Menning, Duane - 1958

Menning, Rosie - 1933

Merrill, Hazel - 1913

Merrill, James A - 1915

Miller, Delbert - 1935

Miller, Earl - 1932

Miller, JoAnn - 1959

Miller, LeRoy - 1958

Miller, Matilda - 1910

Minnerup, Tammey - 1986

Mitchell, Esperance - 1930

Mitchell, Esther - 1925

Mitchell, Mildred - 1947

Mitchelll, Jim - 1951

Modahl, Bertha - 1941

Modahl, Donald - 1951

Modahl, Gladys - 1947

Modahl, Melvin - 1956

Modahl, Stanley - 1950

Modahl, Walter - 1953

Mokrzycki, Laura - 1940

Mollenkopf, Paul - 1981

Moore, Beverly - 1953

Moore, Calla - 1914

Moore, Dale - 1953

Moore, David - 1978

Moore, Donald - 1883

Moore, Ernie - 1958

Moore, Eva - 1927

Moore, Janine - 1980

Moore, John - 1978

Moore, Lana - 1954

Moore, Lois - 1948

Moore, Mildred - 1927

Moore, Rebecca - 1977

Moore, Robert - 1951

Moore, Shirley - 1951

Moore, Thomas - 1972

Morton, Amy - 1917

Muller, John - 1984

Munson, Marie - 1916

Munson, Ross - 1981

Murray, Marjorie - 1929

Murray, Robert - 1925

Myers, Edith - 1962

Myers, Joseph - 1957

Nauber, Donald - 1958

Nauber, Elizabeth - 1962

Nauber, Josephine - 1954

Nauber, Judith - 1972

Nauber, Margaret - 1952

Nauber, Ruth - 1965

Nauber, Warren - 1956

Negen, Barry - 1986

Negen, Byron - 1989

Negen, Charlotte, Mrs (Lecy) - 1968

Nelson, Barb - 1974

Nelson, Bill - 1975

Nelson, Boyd - 1976

Nelson, Carl - 1938

Nelson, Edrodean - 1939

Nelson, Esther - 1920

Nelson, Jay - 1980

Nelson, Jayne - 1982

Nelson, Jerry - 1981

Nelson, Jim - 1973

Nelson, Joel - 1986

Nelson, Jon - 1979

Nelson, Judy - 1969

Nelson, Kim - 1985

Nelson, Mabel - 1924

Nelson, Patty - 1971

Nelson, Peggy - 1975

Newsome, Tracy - 1981

Nichols, Ardyce - 1932

Nickeson, Geraldine - 1941

Nielsen, Joyce - 1953

Nielsen, Mabel - 1943

Nielsen, Mildred - 1945

Nordquist, Ralph - 1931

Nordquist, Toddes - 1916

Obenland, Mae - 1929

Obenland, Roland - 1953

Obenland, Virginia - 1929

Oelschlager, Audrey - 1964

Oelschlager, Charles - 1962

Oelschlager, Dorthy - 1968

Oelschlager, Gerald - 1957

Oelschlager, Irene - 1960

Oelschlager, Larry - 1969

Oelschlager, Randy - 1989

Oelschlager, Sharon - 1965

Olafson, Clarence - 1940

Olafson, Jennie - 1930

Olafson, Margaret - 1944

Olafson, Nels - 1939

Olafson, Ralph - 1953

Olafson, Steve - 1970

Olafson, Talaine - 1972

Olafson, Terri - 1967

Olafson, Tom - 1976

Olatson, Terri - 1967

Oliver, Donald - 1927

Oliver, Eli - 1914

Olson, Carl - 1906

Olson, Deltha - 1942

Olson, Donna - 1973

Olson, Glorrayne - 1950

Olson, Harold - 1968

Olson, Helmer - 1950

Olson, Jodie - 1981

Olson, John - 1971

Olson, Marion - 1939

Olson, Phyllis - 1944

Olson, Roselyn - 1955

Olson, Theone - 1938

Opheim, Audrey - 1964

Opheim, Ernest - 1970

Ostrander, Teri - 1981

Overbeek, Dave - 1983

Overbeek, Diane - 1985

Palmateer, Laura - 1985

Palmberg, Frank - 1936

Parks, Albert - 1950

Parks, Donald - 1953

Parks, Elmer - 1939

Parks, Harold - 1956

Parks, Shirley - 1955

Patterson, Pamela - 1977

Patton, Liston - 1924

Pelett, Ruby - 1913

Pennington, Gae - 1970

Pennington, Gail - 1970

Pennington, Victor - 1940

Perske, Theone - 1926

Perske, Vivian - 1921

Peterson, Carol - 1979

Peterson, Clara - 1918

Peterson, Debra - 1976

Peterson, Elsie - 1940

Peterson, Florence - 1931

Peterson, George - 1951

Peterson, Helen - 1944

Peterson, Irene - 1947

Peterson, Janice - 1952

Peterson, John C. - 1915

Peterson, John W. - 1911

Peterson, Lawrence - 1950

Peterson, Lewis - 1941

Peterson, Lillian - 1913

Peterson, Marvin - 1950

Peterson, Oscar - 1941

Peterson, Ray - 1973

Peterson, Rose C - 1911

Peterson, Ruth - 1941

Peterson, Sharon - 1961

Peterson, Walter - 1949

Phillips, Barbara - 1962

Piepkorn, Lillian - 1940

Pitschka, Mary Ann - 1984

Plotz, Terry - 1974

Poncelet, Allen - 1984

Poncelet, Cecelia - 1957

Poncelet, Charles - 1965

Poncelet, Cynthia - 1983

Poncelet, Elizabeth - 1959

Poncelet, Greg - 1988

Poncelet, Jeffrey - 1983

Poncelet, Jerome - 1955

Poncelet, John - 1960

Poncelet, Margaret - 1951

Poncelet, Mary - 1963

Poncelet, William - 1961

Porter, Rufus - 1914

Potter, Myrna - 1943

Preston, Rose - 1917

Profant, George - 1937

Profant, Mike - 1929

Putnam, Ida - 1913

Rabbit, Magdaline - 1922

Rabbit, Viola - 1925

Ramsdell, Ailene - 1929

Ramsdell, Myrtle - 1909

Regan, Jerry - 1935

Regnier, Frances - 1965

Regnier, Frank - 1973

Regnier, Joan - 1974

Regnier, Joseph C, VI - 1968

Regnier, Mary - 1967

Rehard, Marguerite - 1929

Resch, Phil - 1967

Resch, Wayne - 1969

Resendiz, Gilbert - 1967

Resendiz, Humbert - 1965

Resendiz, Oscar - 1964

Rhodes, Ruth E - 1911

Rice, Bertina - 1913

Rice, Carl - 1917

Rice, Josephine - 1915

Rich, Arthur - 1932

Rich, Beryl - 1929

Rich, Charles - 1965

Rich, Jon - 1969

Rich, Larry - 1962

Rich, Robert - 1934

Rich, Sandra - 1956

Richmond, Arthur - 1966

Richmond, Randy - 1986

Richmond, Renus - 1943

Ridlon, Ella - 1953

Ridlon, Pearl - 1944

Ritchie, Eugene - 1986

Robinson, Melvin - 1934

Robinson, Olive - 1923

Roder, Richard - 1943

Rodman, Donna - 1917

Rodman, Duane E - 1915

Rodman, Willis L - 1915

Roesten, Walter - 1916

Roetman, Alvin - 1954

Roetman, Cathryn - 1942

Roetman, Gail - 1971

Roetman, Jennifer - 1975

Roetman, Kirk - 1980

Roetman, Steve - 1973

Roetman, Tim - 1940

Roren, Doris - 1939

Rustad, Eric - 1980

Rustad, Sheila - 1981

Ryan, Donna - 1952

Sachow, Janice - 1940

Sackett, Elaine - 1954

Sadler, Dorothy - 1923

Saeks, Aaron - 1917

Saeks, Jennie - 1921

Saeks, Max - 1924

Saeks, Rose - 1926

Sandberg, Kay - 1984

Sandberg, Richard - 1985

Sandeen, Margaret - 1925

Sandquist, Imogene - 1944

Sandquist, Ralph - 1961

Sargent, Helen - 1936

Schaper, Patricia - 1958

Scheers, Marian - 1925

Schenecker, Joyce - 1944

Schenecker, Phyllis - 1946

Schilman, Ida - 1957

Schilman, Margaret - 1953

Schilman, Orvil - 1949

Schmiedeberg, Daralene - 1954

Schmiedeberg, DeLoris - 1950

Schmiedeberg, DeWayne - 1959

Schmiedeberg, Donna - 1961

Schmiedeberg, Kim - 1985

Schmiedeberg, Rochelle - 1983

Schroeder, Betty - 1958

Schroeder, David - 1986

Schroeder, Dennis - 1978

Schroeder, Donald - 1950

Schroeder, JoAnn - 1974

Schroeder, Joyce - 1954

Schroeder, Kenneth - 1960

Schroeder, Michael - 1979

Schroeder, Myrna - 1954

Schroeder, Patricia - 1961

Schroeder, Raymond - 1956

Schroeder, Ronald - 1965

Schroeder, Sue - 1981

Schroeder, Tammy - 1986

Scott, Ambie A - 1915

Scouton, James - 1961

Scouton, Robert - 1986

Scouton, Warren - 1986

Seiter, Agnes - 1922

Semmler, Beverly - 1970

Semmler, Carol - 1981

Semmler, Christie - 1977

Semmler, Danny - 1969

Semmler, Delores - 1978

Semmler, Diane - 1968

Semmler, Doris - 1978

Semmler, Ewald - 1941

Semmler, Gary - 1973

Semmler, Jeanne - 1989

Semmler, Jennifer - 1979

Semmler, Keith - 1973

Semmler, Linda - 1968

Semmler, Mikel - 1966

Semmler, Richard - 1972

Semmler, Rita Brown - 1973

Semmler, Ron - 1973

Senkel, Phyllis - 1942

Shay, Dave - 1973

Shay, Edward - 1962

Shay, Marilyn - 1957

Shay, Tom - 1969

Sheppard, Bernice - 1939

Sheppard, Ray - 1920

Shere, Jennie B - 1915

Shere, Lewis - 1914

Shere, Sara - 1910

Shook, Helen - 1939

Simcox, Berniece - 1918

Sjolin, Eric - 1988

Sjolin, Janelle - 1989

Sjolin, Kim - 1983

Skoog, Esther - 1931

Skoog, Evelyn - 1931

Skoog, Gladys - 1928

Skoog, Karen - 1960

Skoog, Lillian - 1955

Skoog, Myrtle - 1936

Skoog, Ole - 1931

Skoog, Robert - 1962

Sladkey, Franklin - 1947

Sliter, Cathryn - 1935

Sliter, Olive - 1919

Sliter, Shirley - 1945

Sloan, Delores - 1944

Sloan, Jaci - 1977

Sloan, Judy - 1979

Sloan, Lorene - 1942

Smith, Degra - 1979

Smith, Lily - 1930

Smith, Lynn - 1977

Smith, Mark - 1981

Snow, Jerry - 1986

Soli, Albert - 1923

Soli, Jennie - 1933

Soli, Myrtle - 1925

Spain, Patricia - 1972

Spain, Virginia - 1977

Spanjers, Dick - 1976

Spanjers, Donna - 1973

Spanjers, Kathy - 1974

Splittstoesser, Daniel - 1983

Splittstoesser, Diane - 1972

Splittstoesser, Julie - 1979

Splittstoesser, Leisa - 1981

Splittstoesser, Nancy - 1976

Squires, Naomi - 1940

Staehnke, Clell - 1942

Staffenhagen, Alfred - 1948

Staffenhagen, Alfred - 1980

Staffenhagen, Crystal - 1982

Staffenhagen, Orville - 1952

Staffsberg, Henrietta - 1925

Staffsberg, Jennie - 1925

Stanger, Debbie - 1971

Stanger, Steve - 1972

Stephens, Theron - 1985

Stiffler, Craig - 1980

Stiffler, Denise - 1986

Stiffler, Glen - 1955

Stiffler, Larry - 1964

Stiffler, Lisa - 1978

Stiffler, Shirley - 1950

Strand, Helen - 1931

Struck, Jack - 1935

Struss, Cyril - 1984

Struss, Gail - 1973

Struss, Jerry - 1970

Struss, Kevin - 1975

Struss, Rosanne - 1972

Struss, Violet - 1986

Stumpf, James - 1982

Swanson, Paul - 1916

Talbot, Nina - 1923

Tatro, Eugenia - 1972

Tatro, Jerry - 1973

Tatro, Linda - 1984

Tatro, Lisa - 1979

Tatro, Lori - 1981

Tatro, Scott - 1983

Taylor, Helen - 1972

Teele, Steven - 1972

Teeple, Georgia - 1915

Teigen, Olga - 1938

Thelin, Frank - 1977

Thelin, Karen - 1982

Thelin, Theresa - 1984

Theriault, Denis - 1913

Thielmann, Denise - 1985

Thompson, Linda - 1966

Thorne, Clinton - 1940

Tinklenberg, Stacey - 1987

Todd, Bazil - 1942

Todd, Beverly - 1946

Todd, Donald - 1941

Todd, Jack - 1947

Todd, Joseph - 1944

Todd, Margerie - 1924

Todd, Neal - 1938

Todd, Wesley - 1934

Vaerst, Alida - 1918

Vaerst, Carl - 1918

Vallo, Chris - 1982

Vallo, Kent - 1981

Van Cleve, Harold - 1912

Van Dyk, Judy - 1957

Vanden Eykel, Betty - 1972

Vanden Eykel, Conny - 1981

Vanden Eykel, Debby - 1977

Vanden Eykel, Henry - 1946

Vanden Eykel, Molly - 1970

Vanden Eykel, Tammy - 1978

Vanden Eykel, Terry - 1974

Vanden Eykel, Wally - 1975

Vik, Audrey - 1955

Vik, Gary - 1957

Vik, Linda - 1969

Vik, Lorna - 1953

Vik, Sandra - 1965

Vos, Eileen - 1947

Voshell, Albert - 1958

Voshell, Carol - 1960

Voshell, Kenneth - 1955

Voshell, Robert - 1936

Vredenberg, Irene - 1941

Vredenberg, Marvin - 1973

Vredenburg, Michelle - 1987

Vredenburg, Micky - 1975

Vredenburg, Millissa - 1989

Vredenburg, Randy - 1982

Vredenburg, Renee - 1984

Vredenburg, Ricky - 1972

Vredenburg, Robin - 1974

Vredenburg, Ronald - 1977

Vredenburg, Roxanne - 1979

Vredenburg, Rozella - 1951

Wagner, William - 1943

Walker, Eleanor - 1922

Walker, Margerie - 1924

Waller, Eloise - 1927

Waller, Mildred - 1928

Walls, Lisa - 1981

Walls, Scott - 1984

Wambolt, Bernard - 1925

Wambolt, Clayton - 1929

Wambolt, Marcella - 1926

Wambolt, Marjorie - 1941

Wambolt, Valeria - 1931

Ward, Wallace - 1913

Warnke, Elizabeth - 1966

Warnke, Jon - 1955

Warnke, Laura - 1961

Warnke, Richard - 1957

Warnke, Robert - 1972

Warnke, Thomas - 1977

Watt, Beulah - 1931

Watt, Blanche - 1934

Watt, Dorothy - 1934

Watt, Doyle - 1929

Weaver, Ellenora - 1920

Webb, Bruce - 1976

Welch, Arlene - 1947

Weyrens, Myrtle - 1928

White, Barbara - 1961

Whiting, Charlene - 1936

Whiting, Neil - 1937

Wicks, Beverly - 1966

Wicks, Dennis - 1963

Wicks, Donald - 1980

Wicks, Duane - 1958

Wicks, Janice - 1964

Wicks, Margaret - 1960

Wicks, Sandie - 1986

Wicks, Shari - 1979

Wicks, Stacy - 1988

Wicks, Stephen - 1983

Wiek, Ellen - 1938

Wilkening, Lorri - 1989

Wilkening, Wayne - 1986

Williams, Neoma - 1918

Williams, Nora - 1918

Wilson, Dorothy - 1938

Winklehorst, Maybelle - 1951

Winklehorst, Paul - 1947

Winklemann, Evelyn - 1929

Winklemann, Gladys - 1922

Winklemann, Lillian - 1936

Wise, Betty - 1952

Wise, Carol - 1954

Woock, Aline - 1913

Woock, Herman - 1917

Woock, Leona - 1917

Woods, Alice - 1924

Young, Clara - 1942

Young, Clarence - 1948

Young, Gary - 1974

Young, Herbert - 1972

 

 

1800-1900

In September 1835, JH Vivian, the local MP, liased with the Institution for the provision of a lifeboat in Mumbles. This lifeboat was controlled and funded by Swansea Harbour Trustees. It was taken over and funded by the Institution in 1863. Lifeboats have always been stationed at Mumbles but the station was known as Swansea until 1904. The branch continued to be called Swansea, Mumbles and Port Eynon until 1910.

 

S. S. SAMTAMPA

In the early days the lifeboat was kept close to the cliffs in Mumbles and was launched and re-housed along a stone slipway, which still exists today.

 

After the First World War, a boathouse with slipway was erected alongside Mumbles pier to make the launching of the lifeboat a more simple process. For 4 years 1814 – 1818 the wooden slipway (which is used today) had no boathouse, merely the lifeboat retained at the top of the slip ready for launch.

 

On 27 January 1883 four of her crew lost their lives when the lifeboat whilst on service got thrown violently against the side of the German barque Admiral Prinz Adalbert. The coxswain Jenkin Jenkins lost two of his sons who were on board that day.

 

It was 1866 before The Mumbles had a permanent lifeboat station although moves to found one began in 1832 when Silvanus Padley, son of the clerk of the Swansea Harbour Trustees, led a rescue of the crew of the Ilfracombe Packet which went aground near the harbour entrance. The trustees decided to obtain plans and costs for a lifeboat which could be used in similar circumstances.

 

It wasn't until 1835 when the MP for Swansea, John H. Vivian, approached the Lifeboat Institution to supply a lifeboat which would be maintained by the Harbour Trust, but placed at The Mumbles. On the 17th of October a 26 foot, six oared lifeboat was ordered from Taylor of Blackwall and would have been delivered soon after its completion in December 1835.

 

The boat was initially kept at The Mumbles but saw no service, then in the summer of 1841 she was repaired and moved to Swansea and then converted to pull 12 oars in 1850. In 1855 she was deemed to be unserviceable "she has never been thought a good boat for which reason the Trustees have refused to spend much money on her". At this time the Trustees ordered a new boat to be built by Forrestt & Co of Limehouse, she carried a crew of thirteen pulling ten oars. This boat made only one known service to the brig Success which had stranded in gales on Neath Bar.

 

Although the lifeboats had made only one rescue, local pilots and others had performed rescues on their own initiative and had been rewarded by the Lifeboat Institution.

 

In March 1863 a group of men formed the Swansea Branch of the R.N.L.I. and the Harbour Trust boat was replaced with and identical pattern which was named Martha and Anne after the daughters of Michael Steel of Oxford who's legacy had paid for her.

 

Because of the lack of service at Swansea where a story in the town was that a large glass case was to be built "to stow away the lifeboat in front of the Town Hall". The editor of the local paper, "The Cambrian" commented that "Not Swansea but The Mumbles should be the lifeboat's station, and not the pilots, but the coastguard or the hardy fishermen of the village should be her crew".

 

In 1866 the Martha & Anne was moved to The Mumbles where she was housed on the shore under the shadow of Mumbles Hill and was launched and re-housed along a stone slipway by means of block and tackle.

 

Noteworthy Dates

1835 Silver medal awarded to William Evans for rescuing two of the three crew from the sloop John which went aground at Neath on 26th October 1835.

 

1838 Silver medal awarded to John Reeve, master of schooner Wave, for rescuing the three crew from the sloop Feronia which was wrecked on the Mixon on 24th July 1838.

 

1839 Silver medals awarded to Captain Thomas Jones, Captain John Howell, Captain Charles Sutton, Captain Joseph Foley, Arthur Rees and Lewis Jenkins for rescuing five men from the brig Thomas Piele which was wrecked near Port Talbot on 20th January 1839.

 

1840 Second service clasp to silver medal awarded to Captain Joseph Foley for rescuing two of the three men from the Mary bound from Cork to Portsmouth, which was wrecked near Port Talbot on 20th January 1840.

 

1874 On 12th August The Board of Trade forwarded binoculars which had been received by them through the Foreign Office from H.M. The Emperor of Germany for presentation to the coxswain of the lifeboat in recognition of the services rendered by the boat when the German ship Triton of Eckernford was wrecked on the Mixon Sands on the 29th August 1987. The German Consul General was also instructed to pay £4 to the crew of the lifeboat.

 

1883 On the 27th of January, when trying to rescue the crew of the German barque "Admiral Prinz Adalbert" from the windward side, the lifeboat was thrown violently against her and swept over successive ridges of rocks by heavy seas. Four of the crew, John and William Jenkins, William Mack and William Rogers lost their lives, and the remainder were seriously injured, Coxswain Jenkin Jenkins lost two out of the four of his sons and his son-in-law (William Mack) who were in the boat and a third son received a broken leg. The Institution granted £800 towards the fund raised for the widows and orphans. The Silver Medal was awarded to the coxswain. The carpenter of the German barque also lost his life.

 

1884 New lifeboat house constructed at a cost of £350.

 

1888 Slipway constructed at a cost of £110.

 

1896 Compensation paid for the damage to oyster beds over which the lifeboat had to be taken for a low water launch on 27th July.

 

1897 Mumbles Railway and Pier Company constructed a mooring slipway free of charge to the Institution.

 

1900 – 2000

 

On 1 February 1903 the lifeboat was capsized on service to SS Christina of Waterford at the entrance to Port Talbot harbour. This capsize resulted in a loss of 6 out 14 of her crew. In 1941, a Bronze Medal was awarded to Coxswain William J Gammon and to Mechanic Robert T Williams for the rescue of 10 crew of the steamer Cornish Rose of Liverpool.

 

1944 saw the presentation of a Gold medal to Coxswain Gammon, Mechanic W G Davies and Bowman Thomas J Ace for the rescue of 42 crew from the Canadian frigate Chebouque.

 

Yet again, tragedy struck the station when on April 23, 1947; the Edward Prince of Wales was capsized and wrecked in heavy seas with total loss of her eight crew. She had gone to help the SS Samtampa with a crew of 39 off Sker Point. The death toll that night was no less than 47. As a mark of respect following the loss during the Samtampa disaster the new lifeboat was named after the Coxswain; the William Gammon serviced the coast until 1974 and was then donated to Swansea Museum.

 

In 1964 a Silver medal was awarded to Coxswain Lionel Derek Scott and the Thanks of the Institution inscribed on Vellum to eight other crew for the rescue of the crew from the Dutch vessel Kilo. 1965 saw the introduction of an inshore, D-class lifeboat at the station. Operational in summer months only with the cost defrayed by the Rotary Club of Swansea. In 1968 coxswain Lionel Derek Scott was awarded Bronze medal with an addition monetary award to him and his crew for the rescue of seven crew from the sand dredger Steepholm which grounded on the Tuskar Rock, Porthcawl.

 

1971 brought about more awards for the station when Helmsman Alan Richards Jones and crewmembers Peter Allan Algie and Anthony David Lewis for the rescue of three men from a cabin cruiser on 3 October 1971.

 

In 1981 the Thanks of the Institution inscribed on Vellum was awarded to coxswain Lionel Derek Scott BEM when he put out his rowing boat to the aid of two men who had capsized in dinghy approximately three-quarters of a mile out to sea in choppy seas and freezing conditions on 22 December.

 

1902 Additional rocket distress signal post erected near the coastguard look-out on Mumbles Head.

 

1903 On the 1st of February the lifeboat, which had put out with the intention of helping the SS Christina of Waterford, which had grounded at Port Talbot on the previous evening, found that her help was not wanted, and made for Port Talbot harbour. The lifeboat capsized off the entrance with the loss of six out of fourteen of her crew. The Institution granted £1,200 towards the fund raised locally for the dependants. One of the rescued, Tom Michael, was a survivor of the 1883 accident. Those lost were Coxswain Thomas Rogers, Second Coxswain Daniel Claypit, D.J.Morgan, George Michael, James Gammon and Robert Smith. The lifeboat was damaged beyond repair.

 

1916 New slipway and approach gangway constructed.

 

1922 Alterations and extension of slipway carried out at a cost of £1,800.

 

1935 Centenary Vellum presented.

 

1941 Bronze Medal awarded to Coxswain William Gammon and to Mechanic Robert T Williams for the rescue of the crew of ten of the steam ship Cornish Rose of Liverpool which was dragging her anchors in Swansea Bay on the 20th January 1941. It was pitch dark, which was exacerbated by mist and rain squalls. A whole south gale was blowing and there was a heavy breaking sea. The vessel was very close to the shore and rolling heavily and the ordinary perils of the sea were greatly increased by the coastal defences consisting of iron rails driven into the foreshore and sticking out of it. It was a bold and skilful rescue.

 

1944 Gold medal awarded to Coxswain William Gammon and a Bronze Medals to Mechanic WG Davies and Bowman Thomas J Ace for the rescue of the crew of 42 of a Canadian frigate Cherboque smothered in heavy seas on Port Talbot bar on the 11th of October 1944. Twelve times in the darkness and in heavy squalls of hail, the coxswain circled round though the surf and brought the lifeboat along side the frigate for her men to jump. The rescued Canadians spoke afterwards of the work of their rescuers as "magnificent" and "almost miraculous". Two of the lifeboat men were over seventy years old while another two were in their sixties, the average age of the crew was 55. The Maud Smith award for the bravest act of life-saving in 1944 was awarded to Coxswain WJ Gammon for his service.

 

1947 On the 23rd of April the Edward Prince of Wales was capsized and wrecked with the loss of her crew of eight after she had gone to the aid of the SS Samtamper with a crew of 39 off Sker Point. The Institution made a grant of £500 to the local fund and pays service scale pensions to the dependants. The death toll that night was 47. The names of those lifeboat men lost were Coxswain William J Gammon, Second Coxswain William Noel, Mechanics William G Davies and E Griffin, WRS Thomas, WL Howell, WR Thomas and R Smith.

 

1948 The Royal Humane Society awarded a Bronze Medal and thanks certificate to Mechanic RJ Gammon for his efforts on the 18th of November when a frogman engaged on renovation work lost his life.

 

1964 Silver Medal awarded to Coxswain Lionel Derek Scott and the Yhanks of the Institution inscribed on Vellum to eight other members of the crew of the lifeboat:- Second Coxswain W Davies, Mechanic J Gammon, Assistant Mechanic W Tucker, Signalman J Bailey, K Kostroman, G Parsons, H Randall and J Witford, for the rescue of the crew of the Dutch motor vessel Kilo from their burning ship in a violent storm on the night of 17th of November 1963.

 

1965 Inshore lifeboat station established in May with a D class lifeboat. Operational summer months only. The cost defrayed by the Rotary Club of Swansea.

 

1968 Bronze Medal to Coxswain Lionel Derek Scott and an additional monetary award to him and each of the lifeboat crew for the rescue of seven crew members of the sand dredger Steepholm which grounded on Tusker Rock in a fresh west-south-westerly wind with a moderate to rough sea. Six of the Steepholm crew were rescued from life-rafts after which the lifeboat returned to the casualty for the master. As he jumped aboard the lifeboat , the vessel was caught by heavy sea and he fell between the Steepholm and the lifeboat. Fortunately the Second Coxswain and another member of the crew were able to grab him before he fell into the water and he was pulled aboard unhurt.

 

1971 Silver Second Service Clasp awarded to Coxswain Lionel Derek Scott BEM, in recognition of his courage when he put out in a small outboard motor dinghy and rescued a man after his canoe capsized in a fresh easterly wind and a very confused sea off Mumbles Head on 12th April 1971.

 

1971 The Thanks of the Institution inscribed on Vellum awarded to helmsman Alan "Tudy" Jones, crew members Peter Algie and Anthony Lewis for the rescue of three men from a cabin cruiser on 3rd October.

 

1972 A framed letter of Appreciation signed by the Chairman of the Institution Commander FRH Swann, was presented to crew member W "Ginger" Clements in recognition of his action when he leapt aboard the yacht Karfinn to secure a tow-line. During the service by the lifeboat on 19th December in an east-south-easterly gale and rough sea with skill and determination managed to prevent the yacht from sheering uncontrollably during the tow back to Swansea.

 

1980 Coxswain Lionel Derek Scott was presented with an engraved statuette of a lifeboatman by Mr. Raymond Baxter, Chairman of the RNLI Public Relations Committee at the International Boat Show, Earls Court, on 9th January, in recognition of his radio and television broadcasts and numerous public talks.

 

1981 The Thanks of the Institution inscribed on Vellum accorded to Coxswain Lionel Derek Scott BEM in recognition of his skill and determination when he put out in his rowing boat, and with great physical effort rescued the crew of two of a dinghy which had capsized approximately tree quarters of a mile off Southend beach in a gentle breeze and a choppy sea with freezing temperature on 22nd December.

 

1982 The Thanks of the Institution inscribed on Vellum accorded to Helmsman Anthony David Lewis in recognition of the calmness and determination he displayed when on the 21st August he swam from the lifeboat to an unoccupied cabin cruiser which was burning fiercely and drifting towards a crowded Mumbles Pier. Having secured a line to the craft he returned to the lifeboat and towed her to deeper water where sank.

 

1985 150th Anniversary Vellum Presented to the Station.1985 saw the new Tyne class lifeboat ‘Ethel Anne Measures’ into service at Mumbles. The Tyne class boat, powered by two Detroit Tank Engines could reach speeds of 18 Knots and revolutionised fast slipway boats.

 

1994 New inshore boathouse constructed on the existing site of the old D class boathouse. As well as housing the inshore lifeboat it includes an inflatable boarding boat, changing/drying room, toilet, crew room, kitchen and office.

 

1994 New D class lifeboat placed on service. A new D-class boathouse was erected in place of the existing house, soon after, new D-class D463 ‘Nellie Grace Hughes’ was placed on service. The old inshore boathouse is still used by Mumbles Rowing Club and Mumbles Pier and can be seen opposite the new Station.

 

2004 New D class lifeboat (IL1), 'Peterborough Beer Festival II' is placed on service.

 

2006 ALB 'Ethel Anne Measures' leaves the station and is replaced by 'Babs and Agnes Robertson'.

 

The Present

The Mumbles Lifeboat Station continues to serve the area with an All Weather Lifeboat (ALB) and an Inshore Lifeboat (ILB).

 

In 2004 Peterborough Beer Festival II was placed on service at the Station. Produced by Avon Inflatables of Llanelli this new generation D-Class Inshore Lifeboat (designated IB1) embraces modern technology and new materials to improve response times as well as crew comfort and safety. (For more information about IB1 click here ). The ILB continues to be the workhorse of the Station and accounts for some two thirds of our calls.

 

Peterborough Beer Festival II was donated to the RNLI by CAMRA (The Campaign for Real Ale) through donations received at the Peterborough Beer Festival. This was CAMRA’s second donation of a Lifeboat to the RNLI; their first, Peterborough Beer Festival 1 is serving the North East of England at Redcar.

 

On Raft race day in July 2006, after 21 years service, our ALB, Ethel Anne Measures left the Station and was replaced by another Tyne Class Lifeboat Babs and Agnes Robertson. Babs and Agnes came to us from Peterhead and will see us through to 2011 when we expect to receive a new Tamar Class ALB – see The Future below.

 

In 2006 and 2007 we were the third busiest Station in Wales. In both years we helped the most number of people for an individual Station in Wales.

 

The Future at Mumbles Station

In 2002 a Coastal Review conducted by senior RNLI officials determined that The Mumbles Lifeboat Station be earmarked for a new Tamar Class Fast Slipway Boat (FSB2). The recommendations of the delegation, which included the building of a new boathouse and slipway, were endorsed by the Trustees of the RNLI.

 

The RNLI are absolutely committed to ensuring the charities money is spent wisely. The specific conditions of the sea bed at Mumbles risked increasing the cost of the project and so delays resulted whilst further studies were commissioned. Armed with new and clarifying information a further Coastal Review was conducted in 2007 and the same conclusions were made. The Trustees of the RNLI have committed funds to build a new slipway and boathouse to receive a Tamar Class Lifeboat in 2011.

 

The Tamar is bigger and faster than the Tyne and includes the computerised Systems and Information Management System (SIMS) that enables crew to control many of the lifeboat's functions remotely from the safety of their seats. Other features include advanced seats that reduce the impact on the crew as the lifeboat crashes through waves, and a powered Y boat stored behind a transom door to allow immediate deployment.

 

Information taken from www.mumbleslifeboat.org.uk/history.html

Italian postcard. DEAR Film. The back of the card claims this is Carl Reiner, but this is Alan Arkin as Russian Lieutenant Yuri Rozanov in the American comedy The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming (United Artists), 1966) by Norman Jewison.

 

Alan Wolf Arkin (* 26 March 1934 in New York City, New York; † 29 June 2023 in Carlsbad, California) was an American actor, singer, director and children's author. He won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the road movie Little Miss Sunshine.

 

Alan Arkin was the son of the songwriter, author and teacher David I. Arkin. While still at school, Arkin joined the band The Tarriers; he wanted to make a career as a folk singer. When the band had a hit single in the US charts in 1956 with a first version of the Banana Boat Song, he left college to tour with the band. Despite a successful European tour, Arkin left the band. A friend had invited him to join the Chicago theatre group Second City. In the early 1960s he moved to New York and performed on Broadway. As early as 1963, he received his first Tony Award for Best Supporting Actor in the comedy Enter Laughing. The comedy Luv, directed by Mike Nichols, was well received and brought him to the attention of director Norman Jewison. Thus Arkin got his first role in a Hollywood film in 1966, playing a Soviet submarine officer in Jewison's war farce The Russians Are Coming! The Russians Are Coming!, for which he received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and for the BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer.

 

Arkin remained loyal to the theatre, however, and directed a short-lived production of Hail Scrawdyke! for the first time that same year. In 1967 he switched back to film and took on the role of the villain in Terence Young's thriller Wait Until Dark alongside Audrey Hepburn. In the following years he concentrated on his film career. He received his second Oscar nomination for best leading actor for his portrayal of a deaf-mute in Robert Ellis Miller's film drama The Heart is a Lonely Hunter. In 1970 he took on the leading role as Captain Yossarian of the US Air Force in Mike Nichols' film adaptation of the novel Catch-22 by Joseph Heller. The box-office success of Catch-22 finally made Alan Arkin known worldwide. In the following years he played other leading roles in Hollywood. In 1971 he directed the black comedy Little Murders, the cinema adaptation of the play Little Murders by Jules Feiffer. In the mid-1970s, Arkin returned to Broadway as a director of Neil Simon's The Sunshine Boys but in the later 1970s he did various films again, e.g. performing Sigmund Freud in the Sherlock Holmes-film The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (Herbert Ross, 1976), while he was successful with The In-Laws (Arthur Hiller, 1979), also with Peter Falk. In 1981, Arkin starred in the television film Improper Channels, written by his son Adam Arkin. In 1987 he was also on television in the historical lead role of Leon Feldhendler in the Holocaust drama Escape from Sobibor. In the 1990s he attracted attention mainly for appearances as a character actor in films such as Edward Scissorhands (Tim Burton, 1990), Glengarry Glen Ross (James Foley, 1992), O Que É Isso, Companheiro?/ Four Days in September (Bruno Barreto, 1997), and Jacob the Liar (Peter Kassovitz, 1999).

 

At the 2007 Academy Awards, Arkin won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film Little Miss Sunshine (dir. Jonathan Dayton & Valerie Faris), in which he played the role of the unconventional grandfather Edwin Hoover. The following year he played a secret service chief in Peter Segal's comedy Get Smart. He received another Oscar nomination in 2013 for Ben Affleck's film Argo, in which he had a supporting role as film producer Lester Siegel. In 2015 and 2016, he voiced writer J. D. Salinger in four episodes of the animated series BoJack Horseman. Arkin had his last major role from 2018 in the Netflix comedy series The Kominsky Method. For The Kominsky Method, he received his last two Emmy Award nominations, an award he never managed to win despite a total of six nominations in his lifetime. Arkin left the series before filming the third season, released in 2021, due to age and health reasons. He most recently voiced the character of Knuckle Cracker in the animated film Minions - In Search of the Mini Boss, released in 2022. Arkin's output includes more than 100 film and television productions.

 

In 1972, Arkin published his first children's book under the title Tony's Hard Work Day, followed by other publications in the decades that followed. In 2019 he was immortalised with a star on the Walk of Fame, guest speaker was Steve Carell. Arkin was married three times, his first two marriages were divorced, most recently to Suzanne Newlander from 1996 until his death. His sons Adam, Anthony and Matthew are also actors. On 29 June 2023, Arkin died in California at the age of 89.

 

Sources: German and English Wikipedia, IMDb.

75069 passing Foley Park on a Bridgnorth - Kidderminster service during the Severn Valley Railway Winter Steam Gala.

A good and righteous man.

One of the Righteous Among the Nations (Hebrew: חסידי אומות העולם‎)

Here is a search for photos on Flickr of Chiune Sugihara:

www.flickr.com/search/?text=chiune%20Sugihara

Here is the site for Righteous Among The Nations:

 

encyclopedia.ushmm.org/en

 

encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/chiune-sempo-su...

 

________________________________

Here is his bio on Wikipedia:

 

Chiune Sugihara (杉原 千畝, Sugihara Chiune, 1 January 1900 – 31 July 1986)[1] was a Japanese diplomat who served as vice-consul for the Japanese Empire in Kaunas, Lithuania. During the Second World War, Sugihara helped thousands of Jews flee Europe by issuing transit visas to them so that they could travel through Japanese territory, risking his job and the lives of his family.[2][3] The fleeing Jews were refugees from German-occupied Wester Poland and Soviet-occupied Eastern Poland, as well as residents of Lithuania. In 1985, the State of Israel honored Sugihara as one of the Righteous Among the Nations (Hebrew: חסידי אומות העולם‎) for his actions. He is the only Japanese national to have been so honored. The year 2020 was "The Year of Chiune Sugihara" in Lithuania. It has been estimated as many as 100,000 people alive today are the descendants of the recipients of Sugihara visas.[4]

 

Contents

  

1 Early life and education

2 Manchurian Foreign Office

3 Lithuania

3.1 Jewish refugees

3.1.1 Sugihara's visas

3.1.2 Numbers saved

4 Resignation

5 Later life

6 Honor Restored

7 Family

8 Legacy and honors

9 Biographies

10 Notable people helped by Sugihara

11 See also

12 References

13 Further reading

14 External links

Early life and education

 

Chiune Sugihara was born on 1 January 1900 (Meiji 33), in Mino, Gifu prefecture, to a middle-class father, Yoshimi Sugihara (杉原好水 Sugihara Yoshimi), and an upper-middle class mother, Yatsu Sugihara (杉原やつ Sugihara Yatsu).[5] When he was born, his father worked at a tax office in Kozuchi-town and his family lived in a borrowed temple, with the Buddhist temple Kyōsen-ji (教泉寺) where he was born nearby. He was the second son among five boys and one girl.[1] His father and family moved into the tax office within the branch of the Nagoya Tax Administration Office one after another. In 1903 (Meiji 36) his family moved to Asahi Village in Niu-gun, Fukui Prefecture. In 1904 (Meiji 37) they moved to Yokkaichi city Mie Prefecture. On 25 October 1905 (Meiji 38), they moved to Nakatsu Town, Ena-gun, Gifu Prefecture. In 1906 (Meiji 39) on 2 April, Chiune entered Nakatsu Town Municipal Elementary School (now Nakatsugawa City Minami Elementary School in Gifu Prefecture). On 31 March 1907 (Meiji 40), he transferred to Kuwana Municipal Kuwana Elementary School in Mie Prefecture (currently Kuwana Municipal Nissin Elementary School). In December of that same year, he transferred to Nagoya Municipal Furuwatari Elementary School (now Nagoya Municipal Heiwa Elementary School). In 1912, he graduated with top honors from Furuwatari Elementary School and entered Aichi prefectural 5th secondary school (now Zuiryo high school), a combined junior and senior high school. His father wanted him to become a physician, but Chiune deliberately failed the entrance exam by writing only his name on the exam papers. Instead, he entered Waseda University in 1918 (Taishō 7) and majored in English language. At that time, he entered Yuai Gakusha, the Christian fraternity that had been founded by Baptist pastor Harry Baxter Benninhof, to improve his English.

 

In 1919 (Taishō 8), he passed the Foreign Ministry Scholarship exam. From 1920 to 1922 (Taishō 9 to 11), Sugihara served in the Imperial Army as a second lieutenant with the 79th Infantry, stationed in Korea, then part of the Empire of Japan. He resigned his commission in November 1922 and took the Foreign Ministry's language qualifying exams the following year, passing the Russian exam with distinction. The Japanese Foreign Ministry recruited him and assigned him to Harbin, China, where he also studied the Russian and German languages and later became an expert on Russian affairs.

  

Chiune Sugihara's birth Registry, indicating his birthplace as Kozuchi Town, Mugi District, nowadays known as Mino City in Gifu Prefecture.

Observation Kozuchi-town from Mt. Ogura. Kyosenji Temple where Chiuna Sugihara was born and village section Named "Chiune" which can be seen from the temple.

 

Kyōsen-ji Temple (教泉寺). This temple was located at the address reported as the birthplace of Sugihara Chiune, and there was a Kōzuchi tax office that Chiune father served in the immediate area.

 

Chiune Bridge. A bridge over Chiune-cho which was the origin of the name of Chiune.

 

Bus stop of Chiune-cho where the name of Sugihara Chiune was derived

 

Manchurian Foreign Office

 

When Sugihara served in the Manchurian Foreign Office, he took part in the negotiations with the Soviet Union concerning the Northern Manchurian Railroad.

 

During his time in Harbin, Sugihara married Klaudia Semionovna Apollonova and converted to Christianity (Russian Orthodox Church),[6] using the baptismal name Sergei Pavlovich.[2]

 

In 1935, Sugihara quit his post as Deputy Foreign Minister in Manchuria in protest over Japanese mistreatment of the local Chinese.[citation needed]

 

Sugihara and his wife divorced in 1935, before he returned to Japan, where he married Yukiko (1913–2008, née Kikuchi[7]) after the marriage; they had four sons Hiroki, Chiaki, Haruki, Nobuki. As of 2010, Nobuki is the only surviving son and represents the Sugihara family.[8]

 

Chiune Sugihara also served in the Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and as a translator for the Japanese delegation in Helsinki, Finland.[9]

 

Lithuania

 

Righteous

Among the Nations

Righteous Among the Nations medal simplified.svg

The Holocaust

Rescuers of Jews

Righteousness

Seven Laws of Noah

Yad Vashem

Notable individuals

Irena Adamowicz

Gino Bartali

Archbishop Damaskinos

Odoardo Focherini

Francis Foley

Helen of Greece and Denmark

Princess Alice of Battenberg

Marianne Golz

Paul Grüninger

Jane Haining

Feng-Shan Ho

Wilm Hosenfeld

Constantin Karadja

Jan Karski

Derviš Korkut

Valdemar Langlet

Carl Lutz

Aristides de Sousa Mendes

Tadeusz Pankiewicz

Giorgio Perlasca

Nurija Pozderac

Marion Pritchard

Roland de Pury

Ángel Sanz Briz

Oskar Schindler

Anton Schmid

Irena Sendler

Klymentiy Sheptytsky

Ona Šimaitė

Henryk Sławik

Tina Strobos

Chiune Sugihara

Betsie ten Boom

Casper ten Boom

Corrie ten Boom

Johan van Hulst

Raimondo Viale

Raoul Wallenberg

Johan Hendrik Weidner

Rudolf Weigl

Jan Zwartendijk

Leopold Socha

Franciszka Halamajowa

By country

Austrian

Croatian

German

Lithuanian

Norwegian

Polish (List)

Ukrainian

v

t

e

In 1939, Sugihara became a vice-consul of the Japanese Consulate in Kaunas, Lithuania. His duties included reporting on Soviet and German troop movements,[1] and to find out if Germany planned an attack on the Soviets and, if so, to report the details of this attack to his superiors in Berlin and Tokyo.[10]

 

Sugihara had cooperated with Polish intelligence as part of a bigger Japanese–Polish cooperative plan.[11]

 

Jewish refugees

 

As the Soviet Union occupied sovereign Lithuania in 1940, many Jewish refugees from Poland (Polish Jews) as well as Lithuanian Jews tried to acquire exit visas. Without the visas, it was dangerous to travel, yet it was impossible to find countries willing to issue them. Hundreds of refugees came to the Japanese consulate in Kaunas, trying to get a visa to Japan. At the time, on the brink of the war, Lithuanian Jews made up one third of Lithuania's urban population and half of the residents of every town.[12] In the period between 16 July and 3 August 1940, the Dutch Honorary Consul Jan Zwartendijk provided over 2,200 Jews with official third destination passes to Curaçao, a Caribbean island and Dutch colony that required no entry visa or to Surinam.

 

European Jewish refugees began to arrive in Japan in July 1940 and departed by September 1941. An overview during this period is described in the Annual Reports of 1940[13] & 1941[14] by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC).

 

In June 1940, Italy entered into the war and the Mediterranean route was closed. The Committee in Great Germany, forced to seek new outlets for emigration, arranged for the transportation of Jews from Germany across Europe and Asia (via the trans-Siberian railway) to Vladivostok, thence to Japan. From Japan the refugees were to embark for destinations in the Western Hemisphere.

 

On December 31, 1940, the Soviet Union declared all persons residing in Lithuania as on September 1, 1940, the right to apply for Soviet citizenship. While the great bulk of Polish refugees in Lithuania opted for Soviet citizenship, there was a group of 4,000–5,000 persons for whom the New Order offered little opportunity. These were principally rabbis, yeshiva students, members of the intellectual classes and leaders of various Jewish communal and labor organizations. Most of them immediately applied for exit permits from Lithuania. Although during the early weeks of 1941 exit permits and Japanese transit visas were readily granted, the problem was how to find transportation costs for those people whose very existences were jeopardized if they remained in Lithuania. The JDC in collaboration with a number of other American Jewish groups, contributed toward the funds required for the Trans-Siberian trip to Japan of 1,700 persons.

 

In July 1940, Jewish refugees in Germany and other countries began arriving in Japan at Tsuruga, Shimonoseki and Kobe.[15] Japanese embassies and consulates except Kaunas issued 3,448 Japanese transit visas from January 1940 to March 1941.[16] Most of them held valid end-visas and immediately departed Japan. From October 1940, Polish refugees from Lithuania began to land on Tsuruga. Their number increased sharply from January 1941 onwards. "By the end of March there were close to 2,000 in the country, mostly in Kobe. More than half of these refugees did not hold valid end-visas and were unable to proceed further than Japan". They were forced to stay for a long time to find the immigration countries.

 

The number of Jewish refugees who came to Japan, as seen in Table 1, has documents with 4,500,[17] 5,000[18] or 6,000.[19] 552 persons of the second row of the table do not match the number of departing persons edited by Jewcom.[20] Siberian railway had been closed and no evidence supporting this figure is found in JDC annual reports or MOFA documents. For 200 persons described in Note 1 of Table 1, there is a document in Archives of MOFA that the Japanese consulate of Vladivostok transferred about 50 Jewish refugees who had stranded in Vladivostok to Shanghai with Soviet Union cargo on April 26, 1941.[21]

 

Sugihara's visas

 

At the time, the Japanese government required that visas be issued only to those who had gone through appropriate immigration procedures and had enough funds. Most of the refugees did not fulfill these criteria. Sugihara dutifully contacted the Japanese Foreign Ministry three times for instructions. Each time, the Ministry responded that anybody granted a visa should have a visa to a third destination to exit Japan, with no exceptions.[1]

 

From 18 July to 28 August 1940, aware that applicants were in danger if they stayed behind, Sugihara decided to ignore his orders and issued ten-day visas to Jews for transit through Japan. Given his inferior post and the culture of the Japanese Foreign Service bureaucracy, this was an unusual act of disobedience. He spoke to Soviet officials who agreed to let the Jews travel through the country via the Trans-Siberian Railway at five times the standard ticket price.

 

Sugihara continued to hand-write visas, reportedly spending 18 to 20 hours a day on them, producing a normal month's worth of visas each day, until 4 September, when he had to leave his post before the consulate was closed. By that time, he had granted thousands of visas to Jews, many of whom were heads of households and thus permitted to take their families with them. It is claimed that before he left, he handed the official consulate stamp to a refugee so that more visas could be forged.[22] His son, Nobuki Sugihara, adamantly insisted in an interview with Ann Curry that his father never gave the stamp to anyone.[23] According to witnesses, he was still writing visas while in transit from his hotel and after boarding the train at the Kaunas Railway Station, throwing visas into the crowd of desperate refugees out of the train's window even as the train pulled out.

 

In final desperation, blank sheets of paper with only the consulate seal and his signature (that could be later written over into a visa) were hurriedly prepared and flung out from the train. As he prepared to depart, he said, "Please forgive me. I cannot write anymore. I wish you the best." When he bowed deeply to the people before him, someone exclaimed, "Sugihara. We'll never forget you. I'll surely see you again!"[9]

 

Sugihara himself wondered about official reaction to the thousands of visas he issued. Many years later, he recalled, "No one ever said anything about it. I remember thinking that they probably didn't realize how many I actually issued."[24]

 

Numbers saved

 

On the number of refugees passing through Japan who held Japanese transit visas for Curaçao issued by Sugihara, the so-called "Sugihara visa", there are two documents stating numbers 2,200[25] and 6,000.[9] 6,000 persons as stated in "Visas for Life" is likely hearsay.

 

K. Watanabe argued that there could be 6,000 for the reason that use by three family members per visa is reasonable, that there were newspaper articles with 6,000, and that most of the refugees landing on Tsuruga were now admitted to have a Sugihara visa. On September 29, 1983, Fuji Television aired a documentary "One visa that divided the fate - the Japanese who saved 4,500 Jews".

 

In 1985, when Chiune Sugihara received Righteous among the Nations award, some Japanese newspapers reported that he saved 6,000 persons and others 4,500.[26] The Japan Times, dated January 19, 1985, headlined "Japanese Man honored for saving 6,000 Jews", and reported "Sugihara defied orders from Tokyo and issued transit visas to nearly 6,000 Jews". US newspapers referred to Sugihara as 'a diplomat who defied his government's orders and issued a transit visas for 6,000 Jews.

 

Table 2 shows the number of refugees who had stayed at Kobe in 1941 based on Archives of MOFA. Refugees classified as "No visa" in table are presumed to have held fakes of Japanese transit visas issued by Sugihara.[27] The Soviets wanted to purge Polish refugees who had been stranded in Soviet territory with Japanese transit visas as soon as possible,[28] and so permitted them to get on the train to Vladivostok with or without a destination visa. The Japanese government was forced to admit the entry of them. On April 8, 1941, of the 1,400 Polish Jews staying at Kobe, "for Curaçao" and "No visa" were about 1,300.

 

The Polish ambassador in Tokyo, Tadeusz Romer, remembered, "They (Polish refugees) only had fictitious Dutch visas for the island of Curaçao and Japanese transit visas". According to the refugee name list surveyed by Fukui Prefecture,[29] of the 306 persons who landed at Tsuruga Port in October 1940, there were 203 Poles. Their destinations were US 89, Palestine 46, Curaçao 24, and others. It is estimated that about 80% of them were on the Sugihara visa list.[30] The documents of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum[31] and "Refugee and Survivor" do not mention the number of people saved by "Sugihara visa".

 

More than half of the refugees who entered with invalid visas including "Sugihara visa" obtained valid visas with the help of JDC, HIAS, the Embassy of Poland and Japanese government, and embarked host countries. In August–September 1941, Japanese authorities transferred about 850 refugees[32] stranded in Japan to Shanghai before Japan and the United States began war. According to Emigration Table by Jewcom, the number of Polish refugees leaving Japan was Shanghai 860, US 532, Canada 186, Palestine 186, Australia 81, South Africa 59, and others 207 in total 2,111.

 

The total number of Jews saved by Sugihara is in dispute, estimating about 6,000; family visas—which allowed several people to travel on one visa—were also issued, which would account for the much higher figure. The Simon Wiesenthal Center has estimated that Chiune Sugihara issued transit visas for about 6,000 Jews and that around 40,000 descendants of the Jewish refugees are alive today because of his actions.[1] Polish intelligence produced some false visas.[33] Sugihara's widow and eldest son estimate that he saved 10,000 Jews from certain death, whereas Boston University professor and author, Hillel Levine, also estimates that he helped "as many as 10,000 people", but that far fewer people ultimately survived.[34] Indeed, some Jews who received Sugihara's visas failed to leave Lithuania in time, were later captured by the Germans who invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, and perished in the Holocaust.

 

The Diplomatic Record Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has opened to the public two documents concerning Sugihara's file: the first aforementioned document is a 5 February 1941 diplomatic note from Chiune Sugihara to Japan's then Foreign Minister Yōsuke Matsuoka in which Sugihara stated he issued 1,500 out of 2,139 transit visas to Jews and Poles; however, since most of the 2,139 people were not Jewish, this would imply that most of the visas were given to Polish Jews instead. Levine then notes that another document from the same foreign office file "indicates an additional 3,448 visas were issued in Kaunas for a total of 5,580 visas" which were likely given to Jews desperate to flee Lithuania for safety in Japan or Japanese occupied-China.

 

Many refugees used their visas to travel across the Soviet Union to Vladivostok and then by boat to Kobe, Japan, where there was a Jewish community. Romer, the Polish ambassador in Tokyo, organized help for them. From August 1940 to November 1941, he had managed to get transit visas in Japan, asylum visas to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Burma, immigration certificates to the British Mandate of Palestine, and immigrant visas to the United States and some Latin American countries for more than two thousand Polish-Lithuanian Jewish refugees, who arrived in Kobe, Japan, and the Shanghai Ghetto, China.

 

The remaining number of Sugihara survivors stayed in Japan until they were deported to Japanese-held Shanghai, where there was already a large Jewish community that had existed as early as the mid-1930s. Some took the route through Korea directly to Shanghai without passing through Japan. A group of thirty people, all possessing a visa of "Jakub Goldberg", were shuttled back and forth on the open sea for several weeks before finally being allowed to pass through Tsuruga.[35] Most of the around 20,000 Jews survived the Holocaust in the Shanghai ghetto until the Japanese surrender in 1945, three to four months following the collapse of the Third Reich itself.

 

Resignation

 

External image

image icon Sugihara and his wife in front of a gate in Prague. It reads "No Jews allowed" in German but "Jews allowed" in Czech, because someone scratched out the "no"

Sugihara was reassigned to Königsberg, East Prussia[34][page needed] before serving as a Consul General in Prague, Czechoslovakia, from March 1941 to late 1942 and in the legation in Bucharest, Romania from 1942 to 1944. He was promoted to the rank of third secretary in 1943, and was decorated with the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 5th Class, in 1944. When Soviet troops entered Romania, they imprisoned Sugihara and his family in a POW camp for eighteen months. They were released in 1946 and returned to Japan through the Soviet Union via the Trans-Siberian railroad and Nakhodka port. In 1947, the Japanese foreign office asked him to resign, nominally due to downsizing. Some sources, including his wife Yukiko Sugihara, have said that the Foreign Ministry told Sugihara he was dismissed because of "that incident" in Lithuania.[34][36]

 

Later life

 

Sugihara settled in Fujisawa in Kanagawa prefecture with his wife and three sons. To support his family he took a series of menial jobs, at one point selling light bulbs door to door. He suffered a personal tragedy in 1947 when his youngest son, Haruki, died at the age of seven, shortly after their return to Japan.[10] In 1949 they had one more son, Nobuki, who is the last son alive representing the Chiune Sugihara Family, residing in Belgium. Chiune Sugihara later began to work for an export company as general manager of a U.S. Military Post Exchange. Utilizing his command of the Russian language, Sugihara went on to work and live a low-key existence in the Soviet Union for sixteen years, while his family stayed in Japan.

 

In 1968, Yehoshua (alternatively spelled Jehoshua or Joshua) Nishri, an economic attaché to the Israeli Embassy in Tokyo and one of the Sugihara beneficiaries, finally located and contacted him. Nishri had been a Polish teen in the 1940s. The next year Sugihara visited Israel and was greeted by the Israeli government. Sugihara beneficiaries began to lobby for his recognition by Yad Vashem. In 1984, Yad Vashem recognised him as Righteous Among the Nations (Hebrew: חסידי אומות העולם‎, translit. Khasidei Umot ha-Olam).[37] Sugihara was too ill to travel to Israel, so his wife and youngest son Nobuki accepted the honor on his behalf.

 

In 1985, 45 years after the Soviet invasion of Lithuania, he was asked his reasons for issuing visas to the Jews. Sugihara explained that the refugees were human beings, and that they simply needed help.

 

You want to know about my motivation, don't you? Well. It is the kind of sentiments anyone would have when he actually sees refugees face to face, begging with tears in their eyes. He just cannot help but sympathize with them. Among the refugees were the elderly and women. They were so desperate that they went so far as to kiss my shoes. Yes, I actually witnessed such scenes with my own eyes. Also, I felt at that time, that the Japanese government did not have any uniform opinion in Tokyo. Some Japanese military leaders were just scared because of the pressure from the Nazis; while other officials in the Home Ministry were simply ambivalent. People in Tokyo were not united. I felt it silly to deal with them. So, I made up my mind not to wait for their reply. I knew that somebody would surely complain about me in the future. But, I myself thought this would be the right thing to do. There is nothing wrong in saving many people's lives... The spirit of humanity, philanthropy... neighborly friendship... with this spirit, I ventured to do what I did, confronting this most difficult situation – and because of this reason, I went ahead with redoubled courage.[38]

 

When asked by Moshe Zupnik why he risked his career to save other people, he said simply: "I do it just because I have pity on the people. They want to get out so I let them have the visas."

 

Chiune Sugihara died at a hospital in Kamakura, on 31 July 1986. Despite the publicity given him in Israel and other nations, he had remained virtually unknown in his home country. Only when a large Jewish delegation from around the world, including the Israeli ambassador to Japan, attended his funeral, did his neighbors find out what he had done.[36] His subsequent considerable posthumous acclaim contrasts with the obscurity in which he lived following the loss of his diplomatic career.[39]

 

Honor Restored

 

His death spotlighed his humanitarian acts during WW2 and created the opportunity to revise his reputation as a diplomat in his own country. In 1991 Muneo Suzuki, Parliamentaly Vice-President of Foreign Affairs, apologized to Chiune's family for the long-time unfair treatments of Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Official honor restoration by Japanese Government was made on October 10, 2000, when Foreign Minister Yohei Kono set the award plaque and gave a commendation speech at the ceremony for Sugihara at Diplomatic Archives.

 

Family

 

Yukiko Sugihara (1914–2008) – wife. Poet and author of "Visas for 6,000 Lives". Eldest daughter of high school principal in Kagawa Prefecture, granddaughter of Buddhist priest in Iwate Prefecture. Well versed in German. Member of Kanagawa Prefecture Poetry Committee and Selection Committee for Asahi Shimbun's Kadan poetry section. Author of Poetry Anthology: White Nights and other. Died on October 8, 2008

Hiroki Sugihara (1936–2001) – eldest son. Studied in California upon graduating from Shonan High School in Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan. Translated his mother's book Visas for Life into English.

Chiaki Sugihara (1938–2010) – second son. Born in Helsinki. Studied in California.

Haruki Sugihara (1940–1947) – third son. He was born in Kaunas. Died at the age of 7 of leukemia.

 

Monument of Chiune Sugihara in Waseda University

Nobuki Sugihara (1949–) – fourth son. Attended Hebrew University in Israel in 1968 at the invitation of the Israeli Foreign Ministry and the Jewish Fund. Represents the Sugihara family as the only surviving son of Chiune. Since his attendance at the award ceremony of the Sugihara Righteous Forest in the outskirt of Jerusalem on behalf of Chiune in 1985, Nobuki has been actively attending Chiune-related events around the world as the family's spokesperson. Nobuki also heads NPO Sugihara, registered in Belgium, in order to promote peace in the Middle East.

Grandchildren: Chiune Sugihara had 9 grandchildren (8 still alive) and 9 great-grandchildren.

Legacy and honors

  

Port of Humanity Tsuruga Museum in Tsuruga, Fukui, Japan contains a Sugihara Chiune Corner.

Sugihara Street in Vilnius, Lithuania, Chiune (Sempo) Sugihara Street in Jaffa, Israel, and the asteroid 25893 Sugihara are named after him.

 

In 1992, the town of Yaotsu opened the Park of Humanity, on a hill over looking the town. In 2000, the Sugihara Chiune Memorial Hall was opened to the public. Since its establishment, more than 600,000 visitors, Japanese and foreign, visited and studied about Sugihara and his virtue.

 

A corner for Sugihara Chiune is set up in the Port of Humanity Tsuruga Museum near Tsuruga Port, the place where many Jewish refugees arrived in Japan, in the city of Tsuruga, Fukui, Japan.[40]

 

The Sugihara House Museum is in Kaunas, Lithuania.[41] The Conservative synagogue Temple Emeth, in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, US, built a "Sugihara Memorial Garden"[42] and holds an Annual Sugihara Memorial Concert.

 

When Sugihara's widow Yukiko traveled to Jerusalem in 1998, she was met by tearful survivors who showed her the yellowing visas that her husband had signed. A park in Jerusalem is named after him. Sugihara appeared on a 1998 Israeli postage stamp. The Japanese government honored him on the centennial of his birth in 2000.[1]

 

In 2001, a sakura park with 200 trees was planted in Vilnius, Lithuania, to mark the 100th anniversary of Sugihara.[43]

 

In 2002, a memorial statue of Chiune Sugihara by Ramon G. Velazco titled "Chiune Sugihara Memorial, Hero of the Holocaust" was installed in the Little Tokyo neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, US. The life-size bronze statue depicts Sugihara seated on a bench and holding a hand-written visa. Adjacent to the statue is a granite boulder with dedication plaques and a quotation from the Talmud: "He who saves one life, saves the entire world."[44] Its dedication was attended by consuls from Japan, Israel and Lithuania, Los Angeles city officials and Sugihara's son, Chiaki Sugihara.[45] In 2015 the statue sustained vandalism damage to its surface.[44]

 

In 2007 he was posthumously awarded the Commander's Cross with the Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta,[46] and the Commander's Cross Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland by the President of Poland in 1996.[47]

 

Also, in 1993, he was awarded the Life Saving Cross of Lithuania. He was posthumously awarded the Sakura Award by the Japanese Canadian Cultural Centre (JCCC) in Toronto in November 2014.

 

In June 2016, a street in Netanya, Israel, was named for Sugihara in the presence of his son Nobuki, as a number of Netanya's current residents are descendants of the Lithuanian Jews who had been given a means of escaping the Third Reich.[48]

 

There is also a street named Rua Cônsul Chiune Sugihara in Londrina, Brazil.

 

The Lithuanian government declared 2020 "The Year of Chiune Sugihara", promising to erect a monument to him and issue postage stamps in his honor.[49]

 

Biographies

 

Levine, Hillel (4 November 1996). In Search of Sugihara: The Elusive Japanese Diplomat Who Risked his Life to Rescue 10,000 Jews From the Holocaust. Free Press. ISBN 978-0684832517.

 

Yukiko Sugihara, Visas for Life, translated by Hiroki Sugihara, San Francisco, Edu-Comm, 1995.

 

Yukiko Sugihara, Visas pour 6000 vies, traduit par Karine Chesneau, Ed. Philippe Picquier, 1995.

 

A Japanese TV station in Japan made a documentary film about Chiune Sugihara. This film was shot in Kaunas, at the place of the former embassy of Japan.

 

Sugihara: Conspiracy of Kindness (2000) from PBS shares details of Sugihara and his family and the fascinating relationship between the Jews and the Japanese in the 1930s and 1940s.[50]

 

On 11 October 2005, Yomiuri TV (Osaka) aired a two-hour-long drama entitled Visas for Life about Sugihara, based on his wife's book.[51]

 

Chris Tashima and Chris Donahue made a film about Sugihara in 1997, Visas and Virtue, which won the Academy Award for Live Action Short Film.[52]

 

A 2002 children's picture book, Passage to Freedom: The Sugihara Story, by Ken Mochizuki and illustrated by Dom Lee, is written from the perspective of Sugihara's young sons and in the voice of Hiroki Sugihara (age 5, at the time). The book also includes an afterword written by Hiroki Sugihara.

 

In 2015, Japanese fictional drama film Persona Non Grata (杉原千畝 スギハラチウネ) was produced, Toshiaki Karasawa played Sugihara.

 

Notable people helped by Sugihara

 

Leaders and students of the Mir Yeshiva, Yeshivas Tomchei Temimim (formally of Lubavitch/Lyubavichi, Russia) relocated to Otwock, Poland and elsewhere.

 

Yaakov Banai, commander of the Lehi movement's combat unit and later an Israeli military commander.

 

Joseph R. Fiszman, a noted scholar and Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Oregon.[53]

 

Robert Lewin, a Polish art dealer and philanthropist.

Leo Melamed, financier, head of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), and pioneer of financial futures.

 

John G. Stoessinger, professor of diplomacy at the University of San Diego.

 

Zerach Warhaftig, an Israeli lawyer and politician, and a signatory of Israel's Declaration of Independence.

 

George Zames, control theorist

Bernard and Rochelle Zell, parents of business magnate Sam Zell

 

See also

 

Individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust

Aristides de Sousa Mendes

Varian Fry

Tatsuo Osako

Setsuzo Kotsuji

Giorgio Perlasca

John Rabe

Abdol Hossein Sardari

Oskar Schindler

Raoul Wallenberg

Nicholas Winton

Jan Zwartendijk

Persona Non Grata (2015 film)

Handful of Rain

 

References

 

^ a b c d e f Tenembaum B. "Sempo "Chiune" Sugihara, Japanese Savior". The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. Retrieved 3 April 2011.

 

^ a b Levine, Hillel (4 November 1996). In Search of Sugihara: The Elusive Japanese Diplomat Who Risked his Life to Rescue 10,000 Jews From the Holocaust. Free Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0684832517.

 

Mochizuki, Ken; Lee, Dom (1997). Passage to Freedom : The Sugihara Story (1st ed.). New York: Lee & Low Books. Afterword. ISBN 1880000490. OCLC 35565958.

 

Liphshiz, Cnaan (23 May 2019). "Holocaust hero Chiune Sugihara's son sets record straight on his father's story". Times of Israel. Retrieved 25 April 2020.

 

The birthplace is recorded as Kouzuchi-town, Mugi district in the family registry of the Sugiharas

Pulvers, Roger (11 July 2015). "Chiune Sugihara: man of conscience". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 4 August 2017.

 

Masha Leon: ""Remembering Yukiko Sugihara", forward.com

 

(in French) Anne Frank au Pays du Manga – Diaporama : Le Fils du Juste, Arte, 2012

^ a b c Yukiko Sugihara (1995). Visas for life. Edu-Comm Plus. ISBN 978-0-9649674-0-3.

 

^ a b Sugihara, Seishiro (2001), Chiune Sugihara and Japan's Foreign Ministry, between Incompetence and Culpability. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

 

"Polish-Japanese Secret Cooperation During World War II: Sugihara Chiune and Polish Intelligence". Asiatic Society of Japan. March 1995. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.

 

Cassedy, Ellen. "We Are Here: Facing History In Lithuania." Bridges: A Jewish Feminist Journal 12, no. 2 (2007): 77–85.

 

JDC, "Aiding Jews Overseas, Report of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Inc. for 1940 and the first 5 months of 1941" pp. 27–28, 39

 

JDC, "Aiding Jews Overseas, Report of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Inc. for 1941 and the first 5 months of 1942" pp. 15–16, 33.

 

JACAR.B04013208900, I-0881/0244

JACAR.B04013209400,I-0882/0102

 

Marthus, Jurgen "Jewish Responses to Persecution vol. III 1941–1942" p. 43

 

Warhaftig, Zorach (1988). Refugee and Survivor: Rescue Efforts during the Holocaust. Yad Vashem. ISBN 978-965308005-8.

 

Watanabe, Katsumasa (2000). 真相・杉原ビザ [The truth – Sugihara Visa] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Taisyo Syuppan

 

Jewcom. "Emigration from Japan, July 1940 – November 1941"

 

JACAR.B04013209600,0882/0245

 

Wolpe, David. "The Japanese Man Who Saved 6,000 Jews With His Handwriting."" New York Times. 15 October 2018. 15 October 2018.

Interview with Ann Curry on May 22, 2019 at the Museum of Jewish Heritage in NYC

 

Sakamoto, Pamela Rotner (1998). Japanese diplomats and Jewish refugees: a World War II dilemma. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-96199-2.

 

Guryn, Andrzej. "Tadeusz Romer. Help for polish Jews in Far East

 

Japan Times and Asahi on 19 January 1985, as 6,000, Nikkei and Mainichi on 17 January 1985, as 4,500

 

Altman, Ilya. "The issuance of visas to war refugees by Chiune Sugihara as reflected in documents of Russian Archives" (2017)

 

JACAR.B04013209400,i-0882/0036

 

JACAR.B04013209100,I0881/0448

 

Kanno, Kenji. "The Arrival of Jewish Refugees to Wartime Japan as reported in the local newspaper Fukui Shinbun(Part I: 1940)" (PDF). ナマール(in Japanese). Kobe・Yudaya Kenkyukai. No 22 (2018).

ushmm "Polish Jews in Lithuania:Escape to Japan"

JACAR.B04013209700,I-0882/0326

 

Aleksandra Hądzelek (University of Technology Sydney, Australia) (2016). "The memory of Sugihara and the "visas for life" in Poland" (PDF). rcin.org.pl.

 

^ a b c Levine, Hillel (1996). In search of Sugihara: the elusive Japanese diplomat who risked his life to rescue 10,000 Jews from the Holocaust. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-83251-7.

 

"The Asiatic Society of Japan". Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2014.

^ a b Lee, Dom; Mochizuki, Ken (2003). Passage to Freedom: The Sugihara Story. New York: Lee & Low Books. ISBN 978-1-58430-157-8.

 

Hauser, Zvi (28 October 2020). "Persona non grata no more: Chiune Sugihara - analysis".

 

Levine, Hillel (1996). In search of Sugihara: the elusive Japanese diplomat who risked his life to rescue 10,000 Jews from the Holocaust. New York: Free Press.

 

Fogel, Joshua A. "The Recent Boom in Shanghai Studies." Journal of the History of Ideas 71, no. 2 (2010): 313–333.

 

"Port of Humanity Tsuruga Museum". Tmo-tsuruga.com. Retrieved 29 October 2016.

 

"Sugihara House Museum". Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.

 

"Inside Our Walls". Retrieved 3 April 2011.

"Chiune Sugihara sakura park - Vilnius". wikimapia.org. Retrieved 29 July 2019.

 

^ a b "Statue of Chiune Sugihara (Chiune Sugihara Memorial)". Public Art in Public Places. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.

 

Kyodo News International, Inc. "Sugihara statue dedicated in L.A.'s Little Tokyo". The Free Library. Retrieved 5 March 2020.

 

"2007 Order of Polonia Restituta" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2011.

 

"1996 Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2011.

 

"Israel names street after diplomat Sugihara, who issued 'visas for life' to Jews during WWII". japantimes.co.jp. The Japan Times. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.

 

A ceremony on a planned street named after the late Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara was held in Netanya, Israel, on Tuesday. Sugihara issued transit visas to thousands of Jews people during World War II, which later came to be known as "visas for life," as they saved many from Nazi persecution. Netanya is known as a place where many Jews arrived after fleeing from the oppression thanks to visas issued by Sugihara. The plan to build the street marks 30 years since Sugihara's death. "It's such an honor. I wish my father was here," said Sugihara's fourth son, Nobuki, 67.

 

Rankin, Jennifer (4 January 2020). "My father, the quiet hero: how Japan's Schindler saved 6,000 Jews". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 January 2020.

"Sugihara: Conspiracy of Kindness | PBS". Retrieved 3 April 2011.

 

"Visas that Saved Lives, The Story of Chiune Sugihara (Holocaust Film Drama)". Archived from the original on 18 December 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2011.

 

"Visas and Virtue (2001) – IMDb". Retrieved 3 April 2011.

 

Fiszman, Rachele. "In Memoriam." PS: Political Science and Politics 33, no. 3 (2000): 659–60.

 

Further reading

 

Esin Ayirtman - Sugihara (2020) Chiune Sugihara ISBN 978-9464007862

 

Yukiko Sugihara (1995), Visas for Life, translation by Hiroki Sugihara and Anne Hoshiko Akabori, Edu-Comm Plus Editors, ISBN 978-0964967403

 

Yutaka Taniuchi (2001), The miraculous visas – Chiune Sugihara and the story of the 6000 Jews, New York: Gefen Books. ISBN 978-4-89798-565-7

 

Seishiro Sugihara & Norman Hu (2001), Chiune Sugihara and Japan's Foreign Ministry : Between Incompetence and Culpability, University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-1971-4

 

Ganor, Solly (2003). Light One Candle: A Survivor's Tale from Lithuania to Jerusalem. Kodansha America. ISBN 978-1-56836-352-3.

 

Gold, Alison Leslie (2000). A Special Fate: Chiune Sugihara: Hero Of The Holocaust. New York: Scholastic. ISBN 978-0-439-25968-2.

 

Kranzler, David (1988). Japanese, Nazis and Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community of Shanghai, 1938–1945. Ktav Pub Inc. ISBN 978-0-88125-086-2.

 

Saul, Eric (1995). Visas for Life : The Remarkable Story of Chiune & Yukiko Sugihara and the Rescue of Thousands of Jews. San Francisco: Holocaust Oral History Project. ISBN 978-0-9648999-0-2.

 

Iwry, Samuel (2004). To Wear the Dust of War: From Bialystok to Shanghai to the Promised Land, an Oral History (Palgrave Studies in Oral History). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6576-9.

 

Paldiel, Mordecai (2007). Diplomat heroes of the Holocaust. Jersey City, NJ: distrib. by Ktav Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-88125-909-4.

 

Sakamoto, Pamela Rotner (1998). Japanese diplomats and Jewish refugees: a World War II dilemma. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-96199-2.

 

Staliunas, Darius; Stefan Schreiner; Leonidas Donskis; Alvydas Nikzentaitis (2004). The vanished world of Lithuanian Jews. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-0850-2.

 

Steinhouse, Carl L (2004). Righteous and Courageous: How a Japanese Diplomat Saved Thousands of Jews in Lithuania from the Holocaust. Authorhouse. ISBN 978-1-4184-2079-6.

 

Ten Green Bottles: The True Story of One Family's Journey from War-torn Austria to the Ghettos of Shanghai by Vivian Jeanette Kaplan (St. Martin's Press, 2004) ISBN 0-312-33054-5

 

J.W.M. Chapman, "Japan in Poland's Secret Neighbourhood War" in Japan Forum No. 2, 1995.

Ewa Pałasz-Rutkowska & Andrzej T. Romer, "Polish-Japanese co-operation during World War II" in Japan Forum No. 7, 1995.

 

Takesato Watanabe (1999), "The Revisionist Fallacy in The Japanese Media 1 – Case Studies of Denial of Nazi Gas Chambers and NHK's Report on Japanese & Jews Relations" in Social Sciences Review, Doshisha University, No. 59.

 

Gerhard Krebs, Die Juden und der Ferne Osten at the Wayback Machine (archived 5 November 2005), NOAG 175–176, 2004.

 

Gerhard Krebs, "The Jewish Problem in Japanese-German Relations 1933–1945" in Bruce Reynolds (ed.), Japan in Fascist Era, New York, 2004.

 

Jonathan Goldstein, "The Case of Jan Zwartendijk in Lithuania, 1940" in Deffry M. Diefendorf (ed.), New Currents in Holocaust Research, Lessons and Legacies, vol. VI, Northwestern University Press, 2004.

 

Hideko Mitsui, "Longing for the Other : traitors' cosmopolitanism" in Social Anthropology, Vol 18, Issue 4, November 2010, European Association of Social Anthropologists.

"Lithuania at the beginning of WWII"

 

George Johnstone, "Japan's Sugihara came to Jews' rescue during WWII" in Investor's Business Daily, 8 December 2011.

 

William Kaplan, One More Border: The True Story of One Family's Escape from War-Torn Europe, ISBN 0-88899-332-3

 

External links

 

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Chiune Sugihara (category)

[1]

 

Official NPO SUGIHARA

The Chiune Sugihara Memorial Hall in Yaotsu Town

Google honors Chiune Sugihara with Doodle

NPO Chiune Sugihara. Visas For Life Foundation in Japan

 

Chiune Sugihara Centennial Celebration

Jewish Virtual Library: Chiune and Yukiko Sugihara

Revisiting the Sugihara Story from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not"

 

Visas for Life Foundation

Immortal Chaplains Foundation Prize for Humanity 2000 (awarded to Sugihara in 2000)

Foreign Ministry says no disciplinary action for "Japan's Schindler"

 

Foreign Ministry honors Chiune Sugihara by setting his Commemorative Plaque (10 October 2000)

Japanese recognition of countryman

 

Chiune Sempo Sugihara – Righteous Among the Nations – Yad Vashem

 

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Online Exhibition Chiune (Sempo) Sugihara

 

Yukiko Sugihara's Farewell on YouTube

Sugihara Museum in Kaunas, Lithuania

Interview Nobuki Sugihara

 

Chiune Sugihara at Find a Grave

It appears a fire escape was added to the north side of the school somewhere between 1910 and 1918.

 

List of graduates by year and last name.

 

Brown, Eugene - 1906

Davis, Thayer - 1906

Fritcher, Mabel - 1906

Olson, Carl - 1906

Hunter, Ailene - 1907

Larson, Esther - 1907

Lee, Agnes - 1907

Cohen, Josie - 1909

Davis, Tom - 1909

Englebretson, Selma - 1909

Felion, Arthur - 1909

Hansen, Anna - 1909

Ramsdell, Myrtle - 1909

Briggs, Vera - 1910

Burrows, Eunice - 1910

Cohen, Lena - 1910

Harding, Daisy - 1910

Larson, Ernest - 1910

Miller, Matilda - 1910

Shere, Sara - 1910

Ames, Harry A - 1911

Cohen, Bertha D - 1911

Giles, Ruby E - 1911

Peterson, John W. - 1911

Peterson, Rose C - 1911

Rhodes, Ruth E - 1911

Cohen, Joseph - 1912

Elliot, Grace - 1912

Floodeen, Ferry - 1912

Gleason, Delia - 1912

Holland, Alice - 1912

Hunter, Marjorie - 1912

Klienegger, Marian - 1912

Van Cleve, Harold - 1912

Abromowitz, Lena - 1913

Brooks, Leon - 1913

Daily, Helen - 1913

Englebretson, Esther - 1913

Floodeen, Eddy - 1913

Merrill, Hazel - 1913

Pelett, Ruby - 1913

Peterson, Lillian - 1913

Putnam, Ida - 1913

Rice, Bertina - 1913

Theriault, Denis - 1913

Ward, Wallace - 1913

Woock, Aline - 1913

Abromowitz, Belle - 1914

Flavell, Winnie - 1914

Gleason, Lynn - 1914

Jenson, Julien - 1914

Larson, Vienna - 1914

Moore, Calla - 1914

Oliver, Eli - 1914

Porter, Rufus - 1914

Shere, Lewis - 1914

Barber, Vernon B - 1915

Dewey, Cecyl M - 1915

Flavell, Agnes J - 1915

Lockwood, Maude M. - 1915

Lorenz, Willard - 1915

McBride, Harold - 1915

Merrill, James A - 1915

Peterson, John C. - 1915

Rice, Josephine - 1915

Rodman, Duane E - 1915

Rodman, Willis L - 1915

Scott, Ambie A - 1915

Shere, Jennie B - 1915

Teeple, Georgia - 1915

Anderson, Signe - 1916

Foley, Tom - 1916

Hoff, Inez - 1916

Munson, Marie - 1916

Nordquist, Toddes - 1916

Roesten, Walter - 1916

Swanson, Paul - 1916

Flavell, Gertrude - 1917

Foley, William - 1917

Morton, Amy - 1917

Preston, Rose - 1917

Rice, Carl - 1917

Rodman, Donna - 1917

Saeks, Aaron - 1917

Woock, Herman - 1917

Woock, Leona - 1917

Cunningham, Mabel - 1918

Peterson, Clara - 1918

Simcox, Berniece - 1918

Vaerst, Alida - 1918

Vaerst, Carl - 1918

Williams, Neoma - 1918

Williams, Nora - 1918

Erickson, Genard - 1919

Sliter, Olive - 1919

Baker, Cyril - 1920

Fogelberg, Hattie - 1920

Nelson, Esther - 1920

Sheppard, Ray - 1920

Weaver, Ellenora - 1920

Arnold, Florence - 1921

Englebretson, Alice - 1921

Fritts, Mildred - 1921

Good, Norma - 1921

Haight, Gladys M - 1921

Johnson, Clara - 1921

Johnson, Minnie - 1921

Lundgren, Oscar - 1921

Perske, Vivian - 1921

Saeks, Jennie - 1921

Butler, Naida - 1922

Elphic, Grace - 1922

Felion, Roderick (Roderc?) - 1922

Good, Merle - 1922

Hunter, Louis - 1922

Rabbit, Magdaline - 1922

Seiter, Agnes - 1922

Walker, Eleanor - 1922

Winklemann, Gladys - 1922

Butler, lona - 1923

Haas, Herman - 1923

Hubbard, Mabel (Mrs.) - 1923

Lemon, Grant - 1923

Robinson, Olive - 1923

Sadler, Dorothy - 1923

Soli, Albert - 1923

Talbot, Nina - 1923

Bell, Ida - 1924

Daniels, Pauline - 1924

Dobson, Robert - 1924

Fritts, Ruth - 1924

Gleason, Melvina - 1924

Gleason, Wayne - 1924

Haas, Mabel - 1924

Kinnon, Lucille - 1924

LaMois, Francis - 1924

Lithio, Virgil - 1924

Nelson, Mabel - 1924

Patton, Liston - 1924

Saeks, Max - 1924

Todd, Margerie - 1924

Walker, Margerie - 1924

Woods, Alice - 1924

Bell, Florence - 1925

Bombach, Evelyn - 1925

Dent, William - 1925

Dighton, Grace - 1925

Englebretson, Eddie - 1925

Fillbrandt, Louisa - 1925

Forester, William - 1925

Fritts, Eugene - 1925

Mitchell, Esther - 1925

Murray, Robert - 1925

Rabbit, Viola - 1925

Sandeen, Margaret - 1925

Scheers, Marian - 1925

Soli, Myrtle - 1925

Staffsberg, Henrietta - 1925

Staffsberg, Jennie - 1925

Wambolt, Bernard - 1925

Axelson, Willis - 1926

Clark, Mary - 1926

Dippold, Mary - 1926

Erickson, Sadie - 1926

Fogelberg, Alma - 1926

Lyons, Idella - 1926

Perske, Theone - 1926

Saeks, Rose - 1926

Wambolt, Marcella - 1926

Boyd, Edwin - 1927

Engleking, Muriel - 1927

Hysing, Kenneth - 1927

Longfellow, Kendall - 1927

Marble, Hugh - 1927

Moore, Eva - 1927

Moore, Mildred - 1927

Oliver, Donald - 1927

Waller, Eloise - 1927

Allen, Frances - 1928

Andress, Raymond - 1928

Brean, Willis - 1928

Clark, Shirley - 1928

Dahlquist, Ruth - 1928

Gould, Louis - 1928

Skoog, Gladys - 1928

Waller, Mildred - 1928

Weyrens, Myrtle - 1928

Allen, Helen - 1929

Bohmbach, Wallace - 1929

Davis, Isabelle - 1929

Fritts, Warren - 1929

Holland, Clarence - 1929

Murray, Marjorie - 1929

Obenland, Mae - 1929

Obenland, Virginia - 1929

Profant, Mike - 1929

Ramsdell, Ailene - 1929

Rehard, Marguerite - 1929

Rich, Beryl - 1929

Wambolt, Clayton - 1929

Watt, Doyle - 1929

Winklemann, Evelyn - 1929

Andress, Gladys - 1930

Evenson, Joseph - 1930

Hackett, Dale - 1930

Hysing, Vergyl - 1930

Mitchell, Esperance - 1930

Olafson, Jennie - 1930

Smith, Lily - 1930

Davis, Jack - 1931

Fillbrandt, Ella - 1931

Hasbrook, Leonard - 1931

Johnson, Edith - 1931

Lang, Loretta - 1931

Nordquist, Ralph - 1931

Peterson, Florence - 1931

Skoog, Esther - 1931

Skoog, Evelyn - 1931

Skoog, Ole - 1931

Strand, Helen - 1931

Wambolt, Valeria - 1931

Watt, Beulah - 1931

Archer, Raymond - 1932

Dahlquist, Mildred - 1932

Davies, Herbert - 1932

Dobson, Orville - 1932

Engleking, Audrey - 1932

Johnson, Esther - 1932

Kvenbo, Helen - 1932

Menning, Agnes - 1932

Miller, Earl - 1932

Nichols, Ardyce - 1932

Rich, Arthur - 1932

Brean, Frances - 1933

Clason, Jack - 1933

Dahms, Joan - 1933

Johnson, Axel - 1933

Johnson, Fred - 1933

Katzenburger (Mastny), Milo - 1933

Kurtz, Dorothy - 1933

Malerich, Joseph - 1933

McClain, Cecil - 1933

Menning, Rosie - 1933

Soli, Jennie - 1933

Allen, Marvin - 1934

Carlson, Iver - 1934

Clark, Lela - 1934

Johnson, Carl - 1934

Rich, Robert - 1934

Robinson, Melvin - 1934

Todd, Wesley - 1934

Watt, Blanche - 1934

Watt, Dorothy - 1934

Amundson, Clara - 1935

Dahlquist, Ralph - 1935

Dobson, Lucille - 1935

Felion, Art - 1935

Felion, Marcelle - 1935

Gustafson, Dwight - 1935

Hysing, Duane - 1935

Knott, Norma - 1935

Lang, Elmer - 1935

Miller, Delbert - 1935

Regan, Jerry - 1935

Sliter, Cathryn - 1935

Struck, Jack - 1935

Bellanger, Ruth - 1936

Clark, Russell - 1936

Fritts, Lucille - 1936

Jesperson, Ivar - 1936

Palmberg, Frank - 1936

Sargent, Helen - 1936

Skoog, Myrtle - 1936

Voshell, Robert - 1936

Whiting, Charlene - 1936

Winklemann, Lillian - 1936

Amundson, Milton - 1937

Axelson, Doris - 1937

Bennett, Keith - 1937

Brown, Ada - 1937

Felion, Thomas - 1937

Granrud, Elnora - 1937

Jesperson, Carrie - 1937

Johnson, Helen - 1937

Johnson, Roy - 1937

Kastner, Helen - 1937

Knott, Mabel - 1937

Lennberg, Roy - 1937

Profant, George - 1937

Whiting, Neil - 1937

Dobson, Harriet - 1938

Ekblad, Eva - 1938

Elavsky, Vivian - 1938

Graybeal, Esther - 1938

Harwood, Joyce - 1938

Holland, Ralph - 1938

Jesperson, Selma - 1938

Johnson, Merton - 1938

Johnson, Nathan - 1938

La Barge, Elizabeth - 1938

Nelson, Carl - 1938

Olson, Theone - 1938

Teigen, Olga - 1938

Todd, Neal - 1938

Wiek, Ellen - 1938

Wilson, Dorothy - 1938

Ammerman, Hurley - 1939

Amundson, Ethel - 1939

Beach, Fred - 1939

Clark, Anna Gail - 1939

Clark, Elsie - 1939

Felion, Jerome - 1939

Golberg, Ernest - 1939

Ingram, Laurence - 1939

Johnson, Madelyn - 1939

Kelsey, Wilma - 1939

Kerwin, Roy - 1939

La Barge, Walter - 1939

Lee, Leona - 1939

Leeseberg, Virginia - 1939

McAllister, Doris - 1939

Nelson, Edrodean - 1939

Olafson, Nels - 1939

Olson, Marion - 1939

Parks, Elmer - 1939

Roren, Doris - 1939

Sheppard, Bernice - 1939

Shook, Helen - 1939

Andress, Ruth - 1940

Bennett, Holly - 1940

Criss, John - 1940

Crookshank, Fern - 1940

Dahms, Walter - 1940

Davis, Alvin - 1940

Dimmer, LeRoy - 1940

Goehring, Ruth - 1940

Jesperson, Agnes - 1940

Kansier, Doris - 1940

Kerwin, Kenneth - 1940

Lemke, Mavis - 1940

Lemon, Charles - 1940

Mokrzycki, Laura - 1940

Olafson, Clarence - 1940

Pennington, Victor - 1940

Peterson, Elsie - 1940

Piepkorn, Lillian - 1940

Roetman, Tim - 1940

Sachow, Janice - 1940

Squires, Naomi - 1940

Thorne, Clinton - 1940

Doppler, Helene - 1941

Doppler, Laura - 1941

Duffy, Irene - 1941

Felion, James - 1941

Ford, Henry - 1941

Fordyce, Marian - 1941

Harris, James - 1941

Kansier, Donald - 1941

LaMois, Loyd - 1941

Lee, Clara - 1941

Matteson, Dale - 1941

Meier, Orphelia - 1941

Modahl, Bertha - 1941

Nickeson, Geraldine - 1941

Peterson, Lewis - 1941

Peterson, Oscar - 1941

Peterson, Ruth - 1941

Semmler, Ewald - 1941

Todd, Donald - 1941

Vredenberg, Irene - 1941

Wambolt, Marjorie - 1941

Amundson, Myron - 1942

Andress, Charlotte - 1942

Andress, Isabelle - 1942

Andress, Ramona - 1942

Beach, Roland - 1942

Case, Pauline - 1942

Chapman, Betty - 1942

Dahms, Rose Mary - 1942

Doppler, Anthony - 1942

Elavsky, Mike - 1942

Gack, Leona - 1942

Golberg, Irene - 1942

Gustafson, Emil John - 1942

Kelly, Dick - 1942

Lee, Marie - 1942

Leeseberg, Mary - 1942

Olson, Deltha - 1942

Roetman, Cathryn - 1942

Senkel, Phyllis - 1942

Sloan, Lorene - 1942

Staehnke, Clell - 1942

Todd, Bazil - 1942

Young, Clara - 1942

Boettcher, Arletta - 1943

Disselbrett, Delores - 1943

Golberg, Marjorie - 1943

Gustafson, Donald - 1943

Hayes, Tom - 1943

Hurst, David - 1943

Ingman, Fern - 1943

Karlsgodt, Herman - 1943

Kastner, Irene - 1943

Lemon, Sarah - 1943

Malerich, Mary - 1943

Nielsen, Mabel - 1943

Potter, Myrna - 1943

Richmond, Renus - 1943

Roder, Richard - 1943

Wagner, William - 1943

Biessener, Mary - 1944

Boettcher, Dorothy - 1944

Condon, Mary - 1944

Dobson, Keith - 1944

Elavsky, Mary - 1944

Jesperson, Elmer - 1944

Karlsgodt, Eindred - 1944

Leeseberg, Phyllis - 1944

Lennberg, Virginia - 1944

Olafson, Margaret - 1944

Olson, Phyllis - 1944

Peterson, Helen - 1944

Ridlon, Pearl - 1944

Sandquist, Imogene - 1944

Schenecker, Joyce - 1944

Sloan, Delores - 1944

Todd, Joseph - 1944

Anderson, Anna - 1945

Becvar, Kathleen - 1945

Dobson, Loyd - 1945

Hayes, James - 1945

Mason, Eunice - 1945

May, Betty - 1945

Nielsen, Mildred - 1945

Sliter, Shirley - 1945

Biessener, Louise - 1946

Boettcher, Catherine - 1946

Boettcher, Frances - 1946

Booth, Phyllis - 1946

Bradt, Donna Bell - 1946

Golberg, Ted - 1946

Hanson, Violet - 1946

Jesperson, Nellie - 1946

Matteson, Douglas - 1946

Schenecker, Phyllis - 1946

Todd, Beverly - 1946

Vanden Eykel, Henry - 1946

Andress, Virginia - 1947

Boettcher, Maurine - 1947

Boettcher, Maxine Donna - 1947

Brault, Bernice - 1947

Cary, Irene - 1947

Dahms, Robert - 1947

Doppler, Charles - 1947

Elavsky, John - 1947

Galles, Jean - 1947

Harding, Lila - 1947

Hurst, Ardyth - 1947

Hurst, Elaine - 1947

Mitchell, Mildred - 1947

Modahl, Gladys - 1947

Peterson, Irene - 1947

Sladkey, Franklin - 1947

Todd, Jack - 1947

Vos, Eileen - 1947

Welch, Arlene - 1947

Winklehorst, Paul - 1947

Biessener, Marjorie - 1948

Booth, Rodby - 1948

Case, David - 1948

Czeczok, Margaret - 1948

Dobson, Vivian - 1948

Golberg, Marian - 1948

Hayes, Anna Mae - 1948

Hiserote, Gene - 1948

Holland, Marilyn - 1948

Jesperson, Jennie - 1948

Lemon, Joyce - 1948

Melby, David - 1948

Moore, Lois - 1948

Staffenhagen, Alfred - 1948

Young, Clarence - 1948

Bradt, Darlene - 1949

Brault, Neva - 1949

Burns, Beverly - 1949

Case, Phyllis - 1949

Childs, David - 1949

Culver, Marion - 1949

Ellsworth, David - 1949

Gustafson, Branson - 1949

Kriens, Kathleen - 1949

Kuckler, Betty - 1949

Leeseberg, Elizabeth - 1949

Lemke, Clinton - 1949

Lundgren, Raymond - 1949

Peterson, Walter - 1949

Schilman, Orvil - 1949

Biessener, Irene - 1950

Boettcher, Joyce - 1950

Brault, Arthur - 1950

Case, Norma - 1950

Czeczok, Lorraine - 1950

Galles, James - 1950

Gregg, Jane - 1950

Hart, Louis - 1950

Holland, Vernon - 1950

Howard, Robert - 1950

Kelsey, Betty - 1950

Luft, Leo - 1950

Mason, Jean - 1950

Modahl, Stanley - 1950

Olson, Glorrayne - 1950

Olson, Helmer - 1950

Parks, Albert - 1950

Peterson, Lawrence - 1950

Peterson, Marvin - 1950

Schmiedeberg, DeLoris - 1950

Schroeder, Donald - 1950

Stiffler, Shirley - 1950

Baesler, Laverne - 1951

Beckerleg, Mary Lou - 1951

Bennington, Rosalie - 1951

Case, Carol - 1951

Ellsworth, Doris - 1951

Gack, Irma - 1951

Geiger, Bette - 1951

Hildreth, Cecelia - 1951

Hurst, Stanley - 1951

Kelsey, Ben - 1951

Kuckler, Donna - 1951

Mitchelll, Jim - 1951

Modahl, Donald - 1951

Moore, Robert - 1951

Moore, Shirley - 1951

Peterson, George - 1951

Poncelet, Margaret - 1951

Vredenburg, Rozella - 1951

Winklehorst, Maybelle - 1951

Anderson, Una - 1952

Baldwin, Viola - 1952

Brault, Beatrice - 1952

Chase, Kenneth - 1952

Clark, Carol - 1952

Geiger, Donald - 1952

Goble, Deloris - 1952

Gustafson, Lillian - 1952

Hart, Jean - 1952

Hudson, Della - 1952

Karl, Louis - 1952

Kelsey, Kathryn - 1952

Knott, Ruth - 1952

Kocurek, Nina - 1952

May, Donald - 1952

Nauber, Margaret - 1952

Peterson, Janice - 1952

Ryan, Donna - 1952

Staffenhagen, Orville - 1952

Wise, Betty - 1952

Anderson, Ardith - 1953

Axelson, Larry - 1953

Bayman, Delores - 1953

Biessener, Jerome - 1953

Biessener, Kathryn - 1953

Bly, Wayne - 1953

Case, Alice - 1953

Fordyce, Patricia - 1953

Haring, Garold - 1953

Howard, Margie - 1953

Leeseberg, William - 1953

Lenander, Carole - 1953

Luft, Raymond - 1953

Modahl, Walter - 1953

Moore, Beverly - 1953

Moore, Dale - 1953

Nielsen, Joyce - 1953

Obenland, Roland - 1953

Olafson, Ralph - 1953

Parks, Donald - 1953

Ridlon, Ella - 1953

Schilman, Margaret - 1953

Vik, Lorna - 1953

Axelson, Patricia - 1954

Biggin, Roberta - 1954

Bohmbach, Norman - 1954

Ellsworth, Dorothy - 1954

Hart, Carolyn - 1954

Ingman, Joanne - 1954

Kocurek, Nancy - 1954

Leeseberg, Richard - 1954

Moore, Lana - 1954

Nauber, Josephine - 1954

Roetman, Alvin - 1954

Sackett, Elaine , - 1954

Schmiedeberg, Daralene - 1954

Schroeder, Joyce - 1954

Schroeder, Myrna - 1954

Wise, Carol - 1954

Andress, Robert - 1955

Benson, Ray - 1955

Bohmbach, Vivian - 1955

Case, Edward - 1955

Chase, Eugene - 1955

Gack, Burton - 1955

Geiger, Jennifer - 1955

Golberg, Betty - 1955

Hinds, Lee - 1955

Keating, Edward - 1955

Knott, Matt - 1955

Kovach, Martha - 1955

Kriens, Bernard - 1955

Lenander, Edward - 1955

Luft, Mary - 1955

May, Billie - 1955

May, James - 1955

Olson, Roselyn - 1955

Parks, Shirley - 1955

Poncelet, Jerome - 1955

Skoog, Lillian - 1955

Stiffler, Glen - 1955

Vik, Audrey - 1955

Voshell, Kenneth - 1955

Warnke, Jon - 1955

Anderson, Wayne - 1956

Archer, Janice - 1956

Baldwin, Shirley - 1956

Biessener, Bernard - 1956

Bohmbach, Carole - 1956

Cafourek, Alfred - 1956

Case, Nancy - 1956

Disselbrett, Chester - 1956

Kocurek, Woodrow - 1956

Lamb, Frank - 1956

Lemon, Jane - 1956

Lenander, Sonja - 1956

Modahl, Melvin - 1956

Nauber, Warren - 1956

Parks, Harold - 1956

Rich, Sandra - 1956

Schroeder, Raymond - 1956

Andress, Lois - 1957

Andress, Myrna - 1957

Blood, Dennis - 1957

Case, Michael - 1957

Cunningham, Merle - 1957

Elavsky, Ruth - 1957

Gack, Shirley - 1957

Goehring, Geraldine - 1957

Gotschall, Robert - 1957

Hendricks, Jon - 1957

Jesperson, Leonard - 1957

Johnson, Jerry - 1957

Kelsey, Nancy - 1957

Myers, Joseph - 1957

Oelschlager, Gerald - 1957

Poncelet, Cecelia - 1957

Schilman, Ida - 1957

Shay, Marilyn - 1957

Van Dyk, Judy - 1957

Vik, Gary - 1957

Warnke, Richard - 1957

Archer, Stanley - 1958

Benson, Paul - 1958

Bohmbach, Lorraine - 1958

Erickson, Marie - 1958

Jackson, Melvin - 1958

Lamb, Karl - 1958

Lenander, Ray - 1958

LePouce, Jackie - 1958

Menning, Duane - 1958

Miller, LeRoy - 1958

Moore, Ernie - 1958

Nauber, Donald - 1958

Schaper, Patricia - 1958

Schroeder, Betty - 1958

Voshell, Albert - 1958

Wicks, Duane - 1958

Benson, Earl - 1959

Biessener, Lorraine - 1959

Bird, Calvin - 1959

Case, Sharon - 1959

Cirks, Gary - 1959

Cunningham, Elton - 1959

Dunham, Jeanne - 1959

Egeland, Larry - 1959

Erickson, Minerva - 1959

Gustad, Karen - 1959

Harris, Sandra - 1959

Hendricks, Clifford - 1959

Miller, JoAnn - 1959

Poncelet, Elizabeth - 1959

Schmiedeberg, DeWayne - 1959

Andress, Keith - 1960

Blood, Charles - 1960

Chase, David - 1960

Cunningham, Carole - 1960

Ellsworth, JoAnn - 1960

Gustad, Carol - 1960

Holland, LeRoy - 1960

Kovach, John - 1960

Kramer, Iris - 1960

Kuckler, Carol - 1960

Kuckler, Carol - 1960

Lenander, William - 1960

Lennberg, William - 1960

May, Clifford - 1960

Oelschlager, Irene - 1960

Poncelet, John - 1960

Schroeder, Kenneth - 1960

Skoog, Karen - 1960

Voshell, Carol - 1960

Wicks, Margaret - 1960

Benson, Enid , - 1961

Case, Richard - 1961

Conley, Joseph - 1961

Evertz, Laura - 1961

Farrington, Robert - 1961

Hendricks, Gary - 1961

Peterson, Sharon - 1961

Poncelet, William - 1961

Sandquist, Ralph - 1961

Schmiedeberg, Donna - 1961

Schroeder, Patricia - 1961

Scouton, James - 1961

Warnke, Laura - 1961

White, Barbara - 1961

Bixby, Randall - 1962

Conley, Larry - 1962

Ebaugh, Rosalind - 1962

Erickson, Barbara - 1962

Golberg, Sharon - 1962

Hamm, Jim - 1962

Holland, Neil - 1962

Jarva, Carol - 1962

Johnson, Carol - 1962

Johnson, Joan - 1962

Knott, Grace - 1962

Kramer, Joan - 1962

Lenander, Carol - 1962

Malerich, Charles - 1962

Myers, Edith - 1962

Nauber, Elizabeth - 1962

Oelschlager, Charles - 1962

Phillips, Barbara - 1962

Rich, Larry - 1962

Shay, Edward - 1962

Skoog, Robert - 1962

Bennor, Doris - 1963

Conley, Frances - 1963

Ebaugh, Richard - 1963

Erickson, William - 1963

Farrington, James - 1963

Gack, Myron - 1963

Harris, Susan - 1963

Hendricks, William - 1963

Jadwin, Gary - 1963

Kovach, Thomas - 1963

Lenander, Diane - 1963

Lish, Peter - 1963

Poncelet, Mary - 1963

Wicks, Dennis - 1963

Bixby, Linda - 1964

Case, Sandra - 1964

Disselbrett, Arrol - 1964

Goodman, Harley - 1964

Jarman, Vicki - 1964

Kastner, William - 1964

Kramer, Tom - 1964

Oelschlager, Audrey - 1964

Opheim, Audrey - 1964

Resendiz, Oscar - 1964

Stiffler, Larry - 1964

Wicks, Janice - 1964

Beckerleg, Kathleen - 1965

Brady, Michael - 1965

Dalen, Darlene - 1965

Dunham, John - 1965

Egeland, Claudia - 1965

Evertz, Barbara - 1965

Gack, Beverly - 1965

Gitchel, Violet - 1965

Golberg, Lynne - 1965

Gustad, Robert - 1965

Harms, Steve - 1965

Harris, James - 1965

Houchin, Daniel - 1965

Johnson, Bonnie - 1965

Johnson, Orville - 1965

Malerich, Thomas - 1965

Matteson, Sherry - 1965

Nauber, Ruth - 1965

Oelschlager, Sharon - 1965

Poncelet, Charles - 1965

Regnier, Frances - 1965

Resendiz, Humbert - 1965

Rich, Charles - 1965

Schroeder, Ronald - 1965

Vik, Sandra - 1965

Bennor, Barbara - 1966

Conley, Thomas - 1966

Dalen, Ella Mae - 1966

Erickson, Mary - 1966

Farrington, Dennis - 1966

Goehring, Raymond - 1966

Goehring, Ronald - 1966

Golberg, Ronald - 1966

Grimler, Kathleen - 1966

Gunkel, Louise - 1966

Hartman, Larry - 1966

Jarva, Marlys - 1966

Lenander, Linda - 1966

Richmond, Arthur - 1966

Semmler, Mikel - 1966

Thompson, Linda - 1966

Warnke, Elizabeth - 1966

Wicks, Beverly - 1966

Andress, Sheila - 1967

Andress, Sheryl - 1967

Brown, Richard - 1967

Dippold, George - 1967

Dunham, Jim - 1967

Gack, Delores - 1967

Goehring, James - 1967

Grimler, Clara - 1967

Holland, Carolyn - 1967

Jarman, Steve - 1967

Johnson, Philip - 1967

Kelsey, Suzanne - 1967

Kramer, Loren - 1967

Kramer, Susan - 1967

Olafson, Terri - 1967

Olatson, Terri - 1967

Regnier, Mary - 1967

Resch, Phil - 1967

Resendiz, Gilbert - 1967

Case, Linda - 1968

Erickson, James - 1968

Erickson, John - 1968

Gack, Meri - 1968

Hamand, John - 1968

Jones, Karen - 1968

Kramer, Mary - 1968

Negen, Charlotte, Mrs (Lecy) - 1968

Oelschlager, Dorthy - 1968

Olson, Harold - 1968

Regnier, Joseph C, VI - 1968

Semmler, Diane - 1968

Semmler, Linda - 1968

Andress, Pam - 1969

Brown, Carmen - 1969

Gack, LaRae - 1969

Gitchel, Kenneth - 1969

Goehring, Shirley - 1969

Gunkel, Janelle - 1969

Kramer, Kenneth - 1969

Lenander, David - 1969

Lennberg, Otto - 1969

Nelson, Judy - 1969

Oelschlager, Larry - 1969

Resch, Wayne - 1969

Rich, Jon - 1969

Semmler, Danny - 1969

Shay, Tom - 1969

Vik, Linda - 1969

Beck, Tom - 1970

Buck, Cina - 1970

DeMars, Frances - 1970

Dunham, Laurel - 1970

Hayes, Joan - 1970

Herdina, Jeanette - 1970

Johnson, Peggy - 1970

Kelsey, RoxAnne - 1970

Kubat, Cyndi - 1970

Olafson, Steve - 1970

Opheim, Ernest - 1970

Pennington, Gae - 1970

Pennington, Gail - 1970

Semmler, Beverly - 1970

Struss, Jerry - 1970

Vanden Eykel, Molly - 1970

Beck, Barb - 1971

Bowman, Lee - 1971

Carlson, John - 1971

Hamand, Claudia - 1971

Harms, Pam - 1971

Hayes, Jim - 1971

Kriens, David - 1971

Nelson, Patty - 1971

Olson, John - 1971

Roetman, Gail - 1971

Stanger, Debbie - 1971

Beckerleg, Susan - 1972

Benson, Betty - 1972

Buck, Denice - 1972

Erickson, Tom - 1972

Gunkel, Darcy - 1972

Johnson, Alan - 1972

Kelsey, Linda - 1972

Koehnen, Jeffrey - 1972

Lecy, Daniel - 1972

McLaury, Donald - 1972

Moore, Thomas - 1972

Nauber, Judith - 1972

Olafson, Talaine - 1972

Semmler, Richard - 1972

Spain, Patricia - 1972

Splittstoesser, Diane - 1972

Stanger, Steve - 1972

Struss, Rosanne - 1972

Tatro, Eugenia - 1972

Taylor, Helen - 1972

Teele, Steven - 1972

Vanden Eykel, Betty - 1972

Vredenburg, Ricky - 1972

Warnke, Robert - 1972

Young, Herbert - 1972

Beckerleg, Jane - 1973

Dunham, Audrey - 1973

Fagerman, Dawn - 1973

Farrington, Cindy - 1973

Gack, Bob - 1973

Hamand, Jim - 1973

Hanson, Debbie - 1973

Hartman, Milo - 1973

Kriens, Denice - 1973

Kubat, Rosie - 1973

Nelson, Jim - 1973

Olson, Donna - 1973

Peterson, Ray - 1973

Regnier, Frank . - 1973

Roetman, Steve - 1973

Semmler, Gary - 1973

Semmler, Keith - 1973

Semmler, Rita Brown - 1973

Semmler, Ron - 1973

Shay, Dave - 1973

Spanjers, Donna - 1973

Struss, Gail - 1973

Tatro, Jerry - 1973

Vredenberg, Marvin - 1973

Barron, Raimond - 1974

Bennor, Betty - 1974

Boettcher, Diane - 1974

Chase, Chris - 1974

Erickson, Donna - 1974

Golberg, Jeff - 1974

Grimler, Paul - 1974

Gunkel, Carrie - 1974

Gutierrez, Jeff - 1974

Hakala, Sue - 1974

Hanson, Ed - 1974

Heldman, Gail - 1974

Holland, Marlys - 1974

Johnson, Lee - 1974

Kelsey, Frank - 1974

Kriens, Bruce - 1974

Nelson, Barb - 1974

Plotz, Terry - 1974

Regnier, Joan - 1974

Schroeder, JoAnn - 1974

Spanjers, Kathy - 1974

Vanden Eykel, Terry - 1974

Vredenburg, Robin - 1974

Young, Gary - 1974

Beck, John - 1975

Elavsky, Donovan - 1975

Gunkel, Ed - 1975

Hakala, Tom - 1975

Hayes, Lonnie - 1975

Henne, Bob - 1975

Howard, June - 1975

Kriens, Dennis - 1975

McGuire, Pat - 1975

Nelson, Bill - 1975

Nelson, Peggy - 1975

Roetman, Jennifer - 1975

Struss, Kevin - 1975

Vanden Eykel, Wally - 1975

Vredenburg, Micky - 1975

Andress, Charles - 1976

Beckerleg, Tim - 1976

Cox, Bryan - 1976

Fenzel, Ron - 1976

Goehring, Charles - 1976

Hamm, David - 1976

Hansen, Carla - 1976

Hurlburt, Tim - 1976

Hurlburt,Tom - 1976

Kovach, Ardyce - 1976

Land, Tammy - 1976

Nelson, Boyd - 1976

Olafson, Tom - 1976

Peterson, Debra - 1976

Spanjers, Dick - 1976

Splittstoesser, Nancy - 1976

Webb, Bruce - 1976

Beckerleg, Janet - 1977

Bennor, Ellen Kay - 1977

Blanchard, Joseph - 1977

Boettcher, Julie - 1977

Brown, Allen - 1977

Buck, Tamara - 1977

Chase, Stan - 1977

Conley, Kathryn - 1977

Fagerman, Jay - 1977

Fox, Jere - 1977

Hakala, Donna - 1977

Hanson, Roger - 1977

Hayes, Kathy May - 1977

Henne, Kathy - 1977

Herdina, Karen Kay - 1977

Hutchinson, DeeAnn - 1977

Kovach, April - 1977

Kriens, Curtis - 1977

Moore, Rebecca - 1977

Patterson, Pamela - 1977

Semmler, Christie - 1977

Sloan, Jaci - 1977

Smith, Lynn - 1977

Spain, Virginia - 1977

Thelin, Frank - 1977

Vanden Eykel, Debby - 1977

Vredenburg, Ronald - 1977

Warnke, Thomas - 1977

Brown, Steven - 1978

Elavsky, Joel - 1978

Engel, Virginia - 1978

Hanson, Roger D - 1978

Humiston, Jerri - 1978

Koehnen, Gregory - 1978

Kovach, Janet - 1978

McGuire, Suzanne - 1978

McLaury, Michael - 1978

Moore, David - 1978

Moore, John - 1978

Schroeder, Dennis - 1978

Semmler, Delores - 1978

Semmler, Doris - 1978

Stiffler, Lisa - 1978

Vanden Eykel, Tammy - 1978

Andress, Lori - 1979

Beckerleg, Thomas - 1979

Biessener, Roxanne - 1979

Blanchard, Jeffrey - 1979

Buck, Gina - 1979

Carlson, Suzanne - 1979

Downs, Richard - 1979

Gack, Ardis - 1979

Hanson, David - 1979

Hayes, Theresa - 1979

Henne, Thomas - 1979

Hensel, Charlene - 1979

Holland, Sheryl - 1979

Johnson, Michele - 1979

Karl, Kimberly - 1979

Kovach, Alex - 1979

Nelson, Jon - 1979

Peterson, Carol - 1979

Schroeder, Michael - 1979

Semmler, Jennifer - 1979

Sloan, Judy - 1979

Smith, Degra - 1979

Splittstoesser, Julie - 1979

Tatro, Lisa . - 1979

Vredenburg, Roxanne - 1979

Wicks, Shari - 1979

Biessener, Donna - 1980

Brown, Bill - 1980

Buck, Robert - 1980

Carter, Rae - 1980

Edelman, Sandee - 1980

Elavsky, Jana - 1980

Golberg, Scott - 1980

Hakala, Ronald - 1980

Humiston,Todd - 1980

Keller, Teresa - 1980

Kulig, Matthew - 1980

Lamb, Frank, Jr - 1980

Lueck, Mark - 1980

Moore, Janine - 1980

Nelson, Jay - 1980

Roetman, Kirk - 1980

Rustad, Eric - 1980

Staffenhagen, Alfred - 1980

Stiffler, Craig - 1980

Wicks, Donald - 1980

Aird, Amy - 1981

Aird, Annette - 1981

Biessener, Mike - 1981

Bixby, Teresa - 1981

Brown, Mike - 1981

Busch, Dana - 1981

Downs, Dan - 1981

Fox, Alvin - 1981

Gutierrez, Scott - 1981

Hamand, Joe - 1981

Hensel, Dale - 1981

Karl, Scott - 1981

Kusunoki, Midori - 1981

Lamb, Wanda - 1981

Lecy, Cindy - 1981

McLaury, Joe - 1981

Mollenkopf, Paul - 1981

Munson, Ross - 1981

Nelson, Jerry - 1981

Newsome, Tracy - 1981

Olson, Jodie - 1981

Ostrander, Teri - 1981

Rustad, Sheila - 1981

Schroeder, Sue - 1981

Semmler, Carol - 1981

Smith, Mark - 1981

Splittstoesser, Leisa - 1981

Tatro, Lori - 1981

Vallo, Kent - 1981

Vanden Eykel, Conny - 1981

Walls, Lisa - 1981

Ahlborn, John - 1982

Andress, Dave - 1982

Barkett, John - 1982

Brown, Todd - 1982

Downs, Donna - 1982

Gunkel, Mark - 1982

Gustad, Janelle - 1982

Hendricks, Keith - 1982

Hudson, Duane - 1982

Karl, Shawn - 1982

Kramer, Kathy - 1982

Lueck, Malinda - 1982

Nelson, Jayne - 1982

Staffenhagen, Crystal - 1982

Stumpf, James - 1982

Thelin, Karen - 1982

Vallo, Chris - 1982

Vredenburg, Randy - 1982

Bayman, Steve - 1983

Bennor, Karen - 1983

Berge, John - 1983

Blanchard, Joyce - 1983

Buck, Larry - 1983

Crafts, Charles, Jr - 1983

Ebaugh, Tammy - 1983

Elavsky, Karen - 1983

Gutierrez, William - 1983

Hanson, Donald - 1983

Julius, Don - 1983

Moore, Donald - 1983

Overbeek, Dave - 1983

Poncelet, Cynthia - 1983

Poncelet, Jeffrey - 1983

Schmiedeberg, Rochelle - 1983

Sjolin, Kim - 1983

Splittstoesser, Daniel - 1983

Tatro, Scott - 1983

Wicks, Stephen - 1983

Andress, Janyce - 1984

Andress, Judyne - 1984

Bayman, Brenda - 1984

Belt, Karen (Schroeder) - 1984

Biessener, Mark - 1984

Case, Keith - 1984

Chase, Kevin - 1984

Cox, Heather - 1984

Edelman, Jeff - 1984

Gustad, Linda - 1984

Hudson, Rae - 1984

Ivens, Lora - 1984

Johnson, Brad - 1984

Kramer, Barb - 1984

Kramer, James - 1984

Lenander, Bryan - 1984

Muller, John - 1984

Pitschka, Mary Ann - 1984

Poncelet, Allen - 1984

Sandberg, Kay - 1984

Struss, Cyril - 1984

Tatro, Linda - 1984

Thelin, Theresa - 1984

Vredenburg, Renee - 1984

Walls, Scott - 1984

Arrington, Melinda - 1985

Bennor, Paul - 1985

Bennor, Perry - 1985

Bruno, Krishna - 1985

Busch, Darin - 1985

Edelman, Judy - 1985

Hudson, Denise - 1985

Hudson, Matt - 1985

Karl, Jody - 1985

Kramer, Jerry - 1985

Kramer, Michelle - 1985

Lamb, Vincent - 1985

Lanning, Vernal - 1985

Nelson, Kim - 1985

Overbeek, Diane - 1985

Palmateer, Laura - 1985

Sandberg, Richard - 1985

Schmiedeberg, Kim - 1985

Stephens, Theron - 1985

Thielmann, Denise - 1985

Case, Marvin - 1986

Dickinson, Scott - 1986

Elavsky, Neil - 1986

Gack, Tim - 1986

Hamm, Debbie - 1986

Hanson, Jolene - 1986

Hauser, Grant - 1986

Houchin, Tina - 1986

Johnson, Clifford - 1986

Johnson, Dennis - 1986

Keller, Trevor - 1986

Knouse, Raymond - 1986

Kramer, Peter - 1986

Kriens, Tim - 1986

Kugler, Terry - 1986

Kulig, Stacy - 1986

Kulig, Tracy - 1986

Larson, Selina - 1986

McLevis, Cary - 1986

McLevis, Lori Ann - 1986

Minnerup, Tammey - 1986

Negen, Barry - 1986

Nelson, Joel - 1986

Richmond, Randy - 1986

Ritchie, Eugene - 1986

Schroeder, David - 1986

Schroeder, Tammy - 1986

Scouton, Robert - 1986

Scouton, Warren - 1986

Snow, Jerry - 1986

Stiffler, Denise - 1986

Struss, Violet - 1986

Wicks, Sandie - 1986

Wilkening, Wayne - 1986

Goehring, Scott - 1987

Tinklenberg, Stacey - 1987

Vredenburg, Michelle - 1987

Andress, Jeanne - 1988

Busch, Dean - 1988

Carter, Donna - 1988

Cerven, Kim - 1988

Dunham, Jason - 1988

Dunn, Patricia - 1988

Ebaugh, Tonja - 1988

Edelman, Jackee - 1988

Gack, Ken - 1988

Hansen, Lance - 1988

Johnson, Eric - 1988

Knowles, Dawn - 1988

Kramer, Jerry - 1988

Kramer, Paul - 1988

Kugler, Karen - 1988

Poncelet, Greg - 1988

Sjolin, Eric - 1988

Wicks, Stacy - 1988

Biggin, Douglas - 1989

Crawford, Lori - 1989

DeRoo, Aaron - 1989

Gray, Richard - 1989

Harris, Jim - 1989

Julius, Sandra (Gack) - 1989

Knouse, John - 1989

Lanning, Dawn - 1989

Negen, Byron - 1989

Oelschlager, Randy - 1989

Semmler, Jeanne - 1989

Sjolin, Janelle - 1989

Vredenburg, Millissa - 1989

Wilkening, Lorri - 1989

  

The 1918–20 "Spanish flu" influenza pandemic resulted in dramatic mortality worldwide.

A pandemic (from Greek πᾶν, pan, 'all' and δῆμος, demos, 'people') is an epidemic of disease that has spread across a large region, for instance multiple continents, or worldwide. A widespread endemic disease with a stable number of infected people is not a pandemic. Further, flu pandemics generally exclude recurrences of seasonal flu.

 

Throughout history, there have been a number of pandemics of diseases such as smallpox and tuberculosis. One of the most devastating pandemics was the Black Death (also known as The Plague), which killed an estimated 75–200 million people in the 14th century. Other notable pandemics include the 1918 influenza pandemic (Spanish flu) and the 2009 flu pandemic (H1N1). Current pandemics include HIV/AIDS and the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.

  

Contents

1Definition and stages

2Management

3Current pandemics

3.1HIV/AIDS

3.2Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

4Notable outbreaks

4.1Cholera

4.2Influenza

4.3Typhus

4.4Smallpox

4.5Measles

4.6Tuberculosis

4.7Leprosy

4.8Malaria

4.9Yellow fever

5Concerns about future pandemics

5.1Antibiotic resistance

5.2Viral hemorrhagic fevers

5.3Coronaviruses

5.4Influenza

5.5Zika virus

6Economic consequences

7Biological warfare

8In popular culture

9See also

10Notes

11References

12Further reading

13External links

Definition and stages[edit]

 

The World Health Organization's former influenza pandemic alert phases—WHO no longer uses this old system of six phases

A pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale that crosses international boundaries, usually affecting people on a worldwide scale.[1] Pandemics can also occur in important agricultural organisms (livestock, crop plants, fish, tree species) or in other organisms.[citation needed] A disease or condition is not a pandemic merely because it is widespread or kills many people; it must also be infectious. For instance, cancer is responsible for many deaths but is not considered a pandemic because the disease is neither infectious nor contagious.[2]

 

The World Health Organization (WHO) previously applied a six-stage classification to describe the process by which a novel influenza virus moves from the first few infections in humans through to a pandemic. This starts with the virus mostly infecting animals, with a few cases where animals infect people, then moves through the stage where the virus begins to spread directly between people and ends with a pandemic when infections from the new virus have spread worldwide. In February 2020, a WHO spokesperson clarified that "there is no official category [for a pandemic]".[a][3]

 

In a virtual press conference in May 2009 on the influenza pandemic, Dr. Keiji Fukuda, Assistant Director-General ad interim for Health Security and Environment, WHO said "An easy way to think about pandemic ... is to say: a pandemic is a global outbreak. Then you might ask yourself: 'What is a global outbreak'? Global outbreak means that we see both spread of the agent ... and then we see disease activities in addition to the spread of the virus."[4]

 

In planning for a possible influenza pandemic, the WHO published a document on pandemic preparedness guidance in 1999, revised in 2005 and in February 2009, defining phases and appropriate actions for each phase in an aide-mémoire titled WHO pandemic phase descriptions and main actions by phase. The 2009 revision, including definitions of a pandemic and the phases leading to its declaration, were finalized in February 2009. The pandemic H1N1 2009 virus was neither on the horizon at that time nor mentioned in the document.[5][6] All versions of this document refer to influenza. The phases are defined by the spread of the disease; virulence and mortality are not mentioned in the current WHO definition, although these factors have previously been included.[7]

 

Management[edit]

See also: Mathematical modelling of infectious disease

 

The goals of community mitigation: (1) delay outbreak peak; (2) reduce peak burden on healthcare, known as flattening the curve; and (3) diminish overall cases and health impact.[8][9]

The basic strategies in the control of an outbreak are containment and mitigation. Containment may be undertaken in the early stages of the outbreak, including contact tracing and isolating infected individuals to stop the disease from spreading to the rest of the population, other public health interventions on infection control, and therapeutic countermeasures such as vaccinations which may be effective if available.[10] When it becomes apparent that it is no longer possible to contain the spread of the disease, it will then move on to the mitigation stage, when measures are taken to slow the spread of disease and mitigate its effects on the health care system and society. In reality, a combination of both containment and mitigation measures may be undertaken at the same time to control an outbreak.[11]

 

A key part of managing an infectious disease outbreak is trying to decrease the epidemic peak, known as flattening the epidemic curve.[8] This helps decrease the risk of health services being overwhelmed and providing more time for a vaccine and treatment to be developed.[8] Non-pharmaceutical interventions may be taken to manage the outbreak; for example in a flu pandemic, these actions may include personal preventive measures such as hand hygiene, wearing face-masks and self-quarantine; community measures aimed at social distancing such as closing schools and cancelling mass gathering events; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such as cleaning of surfaces.[9]

 

Another strategy, suppression, requires more extreme long-term non-pharmaceutical interventions so as to reverse the pandemic by reducing the basic reproduction number to less than 1. The suppression strategy, which include stringent population-wide social distancing, home isolation of cases and household quarantine, was undertaken by China during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic where entire cities were placed under lockdown, but such strategy carries with it considerable social and economic costs.[12]

 

Current pandemics[edit]

HIV/AIDS[edit]

Main article: AIDS pandemic

 

Estimated HIV/AIDS prevalence among young adults (15-49) by country as of 2008

HIV originated in Africa, and spread to the United States via Haiti between 1966 and 1972.[13] AIDS is currently a pandemic, with infection rates as high as 25% in southern and eastern Africa. In 2006, the HIV prevalence rate among pregnant women in South Africa was 29%.[14] Effective education about safer sexual practices and bloodborne infection precautions training have helped to slow down infection rates in several African countries sponsoring national education programs.[citation needed]

 

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)[edit]

Main article: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

 

People queueing outside a Wuhan pharmacy to buy face masks and medical supplies

A new coronavirus was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in late December 2019,[15] as causing a cluster of cases of an acute respiratory disease, referred to as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). According to media reports, more than 200 countries and territories have been affected, with major outbreaks in the United States, central China, Italy, Spain, and Iran.[16][17] On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization characterized the spread of COVID-19 as a pandemic.[18][19] As of 3 April 2020, the number of SARS-CoV-2 infected persons reached one million, the death toll was 55,132 and the number of patients recovered was 225,335.[20]

 

Notable outbreaks[edit]

See also: List of epidemics, Columbian Exchange, and Globalization and disease

There have been a number of significant epidemics and pandemics recorded in human history, generally zoonoses such as influenza and tuberculosis, which came about with domestication of animals. There have been a number of particularly significant epidemics that deserve mention above the "mere" destruction of cities:

 

Plague of Athens, from 430 to 426 BCE. During the Peloponnesian War, typhoid fever killed a quarter of the Athenian troops, and a quarter of the population over four years. This disease fatally weakened the dominance of Athens, but the sheer virulence of the disease prevented its wider spread; i.e. it killed off its hosts at a rate faster than they could spread it. The exact cause of the plague was unknown for many years. In January 2006, researchers from the University of Athens analyzed teeth recovered from a mass grave underneath the city, and confirmed the presence of bacteria responsible for typhoid.[21]

 

Contemporary engraving of Marseille during the Great Plague of Marseille in 1720–1721

Antonine Plague, from 165 to 180 AD. Possibly smallpox brought to the Italian peninsula by soldiers returning from the Near East; it killed a quarter of those infected, and up to five million in all.[22] At the height of a second outbreak, the Plague of Cyprian (251–266), which may have been the same disease, 5,000 people a day were said to be dying in Rome.

Plague of Justinian, from 541 to 750, was the first recorded outbreak of the bubonic plague. It started in Egypt, and reached Constantinople the following spring, killing (according to the Byzantine chronicler Procopius) 10,000 a day at its height, and perhaps 40% of the city's inhabitants. The plague went on to eliminate a quarter to half the human population of the known world.[23][24] It caused Europe's population to drop by around 50% between 550 AD and 700 AD.[25]

Black Death, from 1331 to 1353. The total number of deaths worldwide is estimated at 75 to 200 million people.Black Death#cite ref-ABC/Reuters 1-1 Eight hundred years after the last outbreak, the plague returned to Europe. Starting in Asia, the disease reached Mediterranean and western Europe in 1348 (possibly from Italian merchants fleeing fighting in Crimea), and killed an estimated 20 to 30 million Europeans in six years;[26] a third of the total population,[27] and up to a half in the worst-affected urban areas.[28] It was the first of a cycle of European plague epidemics that continued until the 18th century.[29] There were more than 100 plague epidemics in Europe in this period.[30] The disease recurred in England every two to five years from 1361 to 1480.[31] By the 1370s, England's population was reduced by 50%.[32] The Great Plague of London of 1665–66 was the last major outbreak of the plague in England. The disease killed approximately 100,000 people, 20% of London's population.[33]

The third plague pandemic started in China in 1855, and spread to India, where 10 million people died.[34] During this pandemic, the United States saw its first outbreak: the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904.[35] Today, isolated cases of plague are still found in the western United States.[36]

Spanish flu, from 1918 to 1920. It infected 500 million people around the world,[37] including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic, and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million people.[37][38] Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill the very young and the very old, with higher survival rate for those in between, but the Spanish flu had an unusually high mortality rate for young adults.[39] Spanish flu killed more people than World War I did and it killed more people in 25 weeks than AIDS did in its first 25 years.[40][41] Mass troop movements and close quarters during World War I caused it to spread and mutate faster; the susceptibility of soldiers to Spanish flu might have been increased due to stress, malnourishment and chemical attacks.[42] Improved transportation systems made it easier for soldiers, sailors, and civilian travelers to spread the disease.[43]

 

Aztecs dying of smallpox, Florentine Codex (compiled 1540–1585)

Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. Disease killed part of the native population of the Canary Islands in the 16th century (Guanches). Half the native population of Hispaniola in 1518 was killed by smallpox. Smallpox also ravaged Mexico in the 1520s, killing 150,000 in Tenochtitlán alone, including the emperor, and Peru in the 1530s, aiding the European conquerors.[44] Measles killed a further two million Mexican natives in the 17th century. In 1618–1619, smallpox wiped out 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans.[45] During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30% of the Pacific Northwest Native Americans.[46] Smallpox epidemics in 1780–1782 and 1837–1838 brought devastation and drastic depopulation among the Plains Indians.[47] Some believe the death of up to 95% of the Native American population of the New World was caused by Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza.[48] Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity.[49]

 

Smallpox devastated the native population of Australia, killing around 50% of Indigenous Australians in the early years of British colonisation.[50] It also killed many New Zealand Māori.[51] As late as 1848–49, as many as 40,000 out of 150,000 Hawaiians are estimated to have died of measles, whooping cough and influenza. Introduced diseases, notably smallpox, nearly wiped out the native population of Easter Island.[52] Measles killed more than 40,000 Fijians, approximately one-third of the population, in 1875,[53] and in the early 21st century devastated the Andamanese population.[54] The Ainu population decreased drastically in the 19th century, due in large part to infectious diseases brought by Japanese settlers pouring into Hokkaido.[55]

 

Researchers concluded that syphilis was carried from the New World to Europe after Columbus' voyages. The findings suggested Europeans could have carried the nonvenereal tropical bacteria home, where the organisms may have mutated into a more deadly form in the different conditions of Europe.[56] The disease was more frequently fatal than it is today. Syphilis was a major killer in Europe during the Renaissance.[57] Between 1602 and 1796, the Dutch East India Company sent almost a million Europeans to work in Asia. Ultimately, fewer than a third made their way back to Europe. The majority died of diseases.[58] Disease killed more British soldiers in India and South Africa than war.[59]

 

As early as 1803, the Spanish Crown organized a mission (the Balmis expedition) to transport the smallpox vaccine to the Spanish colonies, and establish mass vaccination programs there.[60] By 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans.[61] From the beginning of the 20th century onwards, the elimination or control of disease in tropical countries became a driving force for all colonial powers.[62] The sleeping sickness epidemic in Africa was arrested due to mobile teams systematically screening millions of people at risk.[63] In the 20th century, the world saw the biggest increase in its population in human history due to lessening of the mortality rate in many countries due to medical advances.[64] The world population has grown from 1.6 billion in 1900 to an estimated 6.8 billion in 2011.[65]

 

Cholera[edit]

Main article: Cholera outbreaks and pandemics

Since it became widespread in the 19th century, cholera has killed tens of millions of people.[66]

 

1817–1824 cholera pandemic. Previously restricted to the Indian subcontinent, the pandemic began in Bengal, then spread across India by 1820. 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic.[67] It extended as far as China, Indonesia (where more than 100,000 people succumbed on the island of Java alone) and the Caspian Sea before receding. Deaths in the Indian subcontinent between 1817 and 1860 are estimated to have exceeded 15 million persons. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917. Russian deaths during a similar period exceeded 2 million.[68]

1826–1837 cholera pandemic. Reached Russia (see Cholera Riots), Hungary (about 100,000 deaths) and Germany in 1831, London in 1832 (more than 55,000 persons died in the United Kingdom),[69] France, Canada (Ontario), and United States (New York City) in the same year,[70] and the Pacific coast of North America by 1834. It is believed that more than 150,000 Americans died of cholera between 1832 and 1849.[71]

1846–1860 cholera pandemic. Deeply affected Russia, with more than a million deaths. A two-year outbreak began in England and Wales in 1848 and claimed 52,000 lives.[72] Throughout Spain, cholera caused more than 236,000 deaths in 1854–55.[73] It claimed 200,000 lives in Mexico.[74]

1863–75 cholera pandemic. Spread mostly in Europe and Africa. At least 30,000 of the 90,000 Mecca pilgrims fell victim to the disease. Cholera claimed 90,000 lives in Russia in 1866.[75]

In 1866, there was an outbreak in North America. It killed some 50,000 Americans.[71]

1881–96 cholera pandemic. The 1883–1887 epidemic cost 250,000 lives in Europe and at least 50,000 in the Americas. Cholera claimed 267,890 lives in Russia (1892);[76] 120,000 in Spain;[77] 90,000 in Japan and 60,000 in Persia.

In 1892, cholera contaminated the water supply of Hamburg, and caused 8,606 deaths.[78]

1899–1923 cholera pandemic. Had little effect in Europe because of advances in public health, but Russia was badly affected again (more than 500,000 people dying of cholera during the first quarter of the 20th century).[79] The sixth pandemic killed more than 800,000 in India. The 1902–1904 cholera epidemic claimed more than 200,000 lives in the Philippines.[80]

1961–75 cholera pandemic. Began in Indonesia, called El Tor after the new biotype responsible for the pandemic, and reached Bangladesh in 1963, India in 1964, and the Soviet Union in 1966. Since then the pandemic has reached Africa, South America, and Central America.

Influenza[edit]

Main article: Influenza pandemic

 

Advice for travelers (in French and English) on the risks of epidemics abroad; posters from the Charles De Gaulle airport, Paris

The Greek physician Hippocrates, the "Father of Medicine", first described influenza in 412 BC.[81]

The first influenza pandemic was recorded in 1580, and since then, influenza pandemics occurred every 10 to 30 years.[82][83][84]

The 1889–1890 flu pandemic, also known as Russian Flu, was first reported in May 1889 in Bukhara, Uzbekistan. By October, it had reached Tomsk and the Caucasus. It rapidly spread west and hit North America in December 1889, South America in February–April 1890, India in February–March 1890, and Australia in March–April 1890. The H3N8 and H2N2 subtypes of the Influenza A virus have each been identified as possible causes. It had a very high attack and mortality rate, causing around a million fatalities.[85]

The "Spanish flu", 1918–1919. First identified early in March 1918 in U.S. troops training at Camp Funston, Kansas. By October 1918, it had spread to become a worldwide pandemic on all continents, and eventually infected about one-third of the world's population (or ≈500 million persons).[37] Unusually deadly and virulent, it ended almost as quickly as it began, vanishing completely within 18 months. Within six months, some 50 million people were dead;[37] some estimates put the total number of fatalities worldwide at over twice that number.[86] About 17 million died in India, 675,000 in the United States,[87] and 200,000 in the United Kingdom. The virus that caused Spanish flu was also implicated as a cause of encephalitis lethargica in children.[88] The virus was recently reconstructed by scientists at the CDC studying remains preserved by the Alaskan permafrost. The H1N1 virus has a small but crucial structure that is similar to the Spanish flu.[89]

The "Asian Flu", 1957–58. A H2N2 virus first identified in China in late February 1957. It caused about two million deaths globally.[90] The Asian flu spread to the United States by June 1957 and caused about 70,000 deaths in the U.S.

The "Hong Kong Flu", 1968–69. A H3N2 virus first detected in Hong Kong in early 1968, and spread to the United States later that year. This pandemic of 1968 and 1969 killed approximately one million people worldwide.[91] It caused about 34,000 deaths in the United States.

The "Swine Flu", 2009–10. An H1N1 virus first detected in Mexico in early 2009, and spread to the United States later that year. This pandemic was estimated to have killed around 284,000 people worldwide.[92][failed verification] It was estimated to have caused about 12,000 deaths in the United States alone.

Typhus[edit]

Typhus is sometimes called "camp fever" because of its pattern of flaring up in times of strife. (It is also known as "gaol fever" and "ship fever", for its habits of spreading wildly in cramped quarters, such as jails and ships.) Emerging during the Crusades, it had its first impact in Europe in 1489, in Spain. During fighting between the Christian Spaniards and the Muslims in Granada, the Spanish lost 3,000 to war casualties, and 20,000 to typhus. In 1528, the French lost 18,000 troops in Italy, and lost supremacy in Italy to the Spanish. In 1542, 30,000 soldiers died of typhus while fighting the Ottomans in the Balkans.

 

During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), about eight million Germans were killed by bubonic plague and typhus.[93] The disease also played a major role in the destruction of Napoleon's Grande Armée in Russia in 1812. During the retreat from Moscow, more French military personnel died of typhus than were killed by the Russians.[94] Of the 450,000 soldiers who crossed the Neman on 25 June 1812, fewer than 40,000 returned. More military personnel were killed from 1500–1914 by typhus than from military action.[95] In early 1813, Napoleon raised a new army of 500,000 to replace his Russian losses. In the campaign of that year, more than 219,000 of Napoleon's soldiers died of typhus.[96] Typhus played a major factor in the Irish Potato Famine. During World War I, typhus epidemics killed more than 150,000 in Serbia. There were about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from epidemic typhus in Russia from 1918 to 1922.[96] Typhus also killed numerous prisoners in the Nazi concentration camps and Soviet prisoner of war camps during World War II. More than 3.5 million Soviet POWs died out of the 5.7 million in Nazi custody.[97]

 

Smallpox[edit]

 

A child with smallpox infection, c. 1908

Smallpox was a contagious disease caused by the variola virus. The disease killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans per year during the closing years of the 18th century.[98] During the 20th century, it is estimated that smallpox was responsible for 300–500 million deaths.[99][100] As recently as the early 1950s, an estimated 50 million cases of smallpox occurred in the world each year.[101] After successful vaccination campaigns throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the WHO certified the eradication of smallpox in December 1979. To this day, smallpox is the only human infectious disease to have been completely eradicated,[102] and one of two infectious viruses ever to be eradicated along with rinderpest.[103]

 

Measles[edit]

Historically, measles was prevalent throughout the world, as it is highly contagious. According to the U.S. National Immunization Program, 90% of people were infected with measles by age 15. Before the vaccine was introduced in 1963, there were an estimated three to four million cases in the U.S. each year.[104] Measles killed around 200 million people worldwide over the last 150 years.[105] In 2000 alone, measles killed some 777,000 worldwide out of 40 million cases globally.[106]

 

Measles is an endemic disease, meaning it has been continually present in a community, and many people develop resistance. In populations that have not been exposed to measles, exposure to a new disease can be devastating. In 1529, a measles outbreak in Cuba killed two-thirds of the natives who had previously survived smallpox.[107] The disease had ravaged Mexico, Central America, and the Inca civilization.[108]

 

Tuberculosis[edit]

 

In 2007, the prevalence of TB per 100,000 people was highest in Sub-Saharan Africa, and was also relatively high in Asian countries like India.

One-quarter of the world's current population has been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and new infections occur at a rate of one per second.[109] About 5–10% of these latent infections will eventually progress to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than half its victims. Annually, eight million people become ill with tuberculosis, and two million die from the disease worldwide.[110] In the 19th century, tuberculosis killed an estimated one-quarter of the adult population of Europe;[111] by 1918, one in six deaths in France were still caused by tuberculosis. During the 20th century, tuberculosis killed approximately 100 million people.[105] TB is still one of the most important health problems in the developing world.[112]

 

Leprosy[edit]

Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is caused by a bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae. It is a chronic disease with an incubation period of up to five years. Since 1985, 15 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy.[113]

 

Historically, leprosy has affected people since at least 600 BC.[114] Leprosy outbreaks began to occur in Western Europe around 1000 AD.[115][116] Numerous leprosoria, or leper hospitals, sprang up in the Middle Ages; Matthew Paris estimated that in the early 13th century, there were 19,000 of them across Europe.[117]

 

Malaria[edit]

 

Past and current malaria prevalence in 2009

Malaria is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Each year, there are approximately 350–500 million cases of malaria.[118] Drug resistance poses a growing problem in the treatment of malaria in the 21st century, since resistance is now common against all classes of antimalarial drugs, except for the artemisinins.[119]

 

Malaria was once common in most of Europe and North America, where it is now for all purposes non-existent.[120] Malaria may have contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire.[121] The disease became known as "Roman fever".[122] Plasmodium falciparum became a real threat to colonists and indigenous people alike when it was introduced into the Americas along with the slave trade. Malaria devastated the Jamestown colony and regularly ravaged the South and Midwest of the United States. By 1830, it had reached the Pacific Northwest.[123] During the American Civil War, there were more than 1.2 million cases of malaria among soldiers of both sides.[124] The southern U.S. continued to be afflicted with millions of cases of malaria into the 1930s.[125]

 

Yellow fever[edit]

Yellow fever has been a source of several devastating epidemics.[126] Cities as far north as New York, Philadelphia, and Boston were hit with epidemics. In 1793, one of the largest yellow fever epidemics in U.S. history killed as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia—roughly 10% of the population. About half of the residents had fled the city, including President George Washington.[127] In colonial times, West Africa became known as "the white man's grave" because of malaria and yellow fever.[128]

 

Concerns about future pandemics[edit]

See also: Pandemic prevention

Antibiotic resistance[edit]

Main article: Antibiotic resistance

Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", may contribute to the re-emergence of diseases which are currently well controlled.[129] For example, cases of tuberculosis that are resistant to traditionally effective treatments remain a cause of great concern to health professionals. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide.[130] China and India have the highest rate of multidrug-resistant TB.[131] The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that approximately 50 million people worldwide are infected with MDR TB, with 79 percent of those cases resistant to three or more antibiotics. In 2005, 124 cases of MDR TB were reported in the United States. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB) was identified in Africa in 2006, and subsequently discovered to exist in 49 countries, including the United States. There are about 40,000 new cases of XDR-TB per year, the WHO estimates.[132]

 

In the past 20 years, common bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens and Enterococcus, have developed resistance to various antibiotics such as vancomycin, as well as whole classes of antibiotics, such as the aminoglycosides and cephalosporins. Antibiotic-resistant organisms have become an important cause of healthcare-associated (nosocomial) infections (HAI). In addition, infections caused by community-acquired strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in otherwise healthy individuals have become more frequent in recent years.

 

Viral hemorrhagic fevers[edit]

Viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola virus disease, Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, Marburg virus disease and Bolivian hemorrhagic fever are highly contagious and deadly diseases, with the theoretical potential to become pandemics.[133] Their ability to spread efficiently enough to cause a pandemic is limited, however, as transmission of these viruses requires close contact with the infected vector, and the vector has only a short time before death or serious illness. Furthermore, the short time between a vector becoming infectious and the onset of symptoms allows medical professionals to quickly quarantine vectors, and prevent them from carrying the pathogen elsewhere. Genetic mutations could occur, which could elevate their potential for causing widespread harm; thus close observation by contagious disease specialists is merited.[citation needed]

 

Coronaviruses[edit]

Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). A new strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19.[134]

 

COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the WHO on 11 March 2020.

 

Some coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people. Detailed investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans, and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans. Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans. Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. Standard recommendations to prevent the spread of infection include regular hand washing, covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, thoroughly cooking meat and eggs, and avoiding close contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing. The recommended distance from other people is 6 feet, a practice more commonly called social distancing.

 

Severe acute respiratory syndrome[edit]

In 2003 the Italian physician Carlo Urbani (1956–2003) was the first to identify severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) as a new and dangerously contagious disease, although he became infected and died. It is caused by a coronavirus dubbed SARS-CoV. Rapid action by national and international health authorities such as the World Health Organization helped to slow transmission and eventually broke the chain of transmission, which ended the localized epidemics before they could become a pandemic. However, the disease has not been eradicated and could re-emerge. This warrants monitoring and reporting of suspicious cases of atypical pneumonia.[135]

 

Influenza[edit]

Main article: Influenza pandemic

 

President Barack Obama is briefed in the Situation Room about the 2009 flu pandemic, which killed as many as 17,000 Americans.[136]

Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a range of influenza A viruses. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted from these species to other species, and may then cause outbreaks in domestic poultry or, rarely, in humans.[137][138]

 

H5N1 (Avian flu)[edit]

Main article: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

In February 2004, avian influenza virus was detected in birds in Vietnam, increasing fears of the emergence of new variant strains. It is feared that if the avian influenza virus combines with a human influenza virus (in a bird or a human), the new subtype created could be both highly contagious and highly lethal in humans. Such a subtype could cause a global influenza pandemic, similar to the Spanish flu or the lower mortality pandemics such as the Asian Flu and the Hong Kong Flu.

 

From October 2004 to February 2005, some 3,700 test kits of the 1957 Asian Flu virus were accidentally spread around the world from a lab in the U.S.[139]

 

In May 2005, scientists urgently called upon nations to prepare for a global influenza pandemic that could strike as much as 20% of the world's population.[140]

 

In October 2005, cases of the avian flu (the deadly strain H5N1) were identified in Turkey. EU Health Commissioner Markos Kyprianou said: "We have received now confirmation that the virus found in Turkey is an avian flu H5N1 virus. There is a direct relationship with viruses found in Russia, Mongolia and China." Cases of bird flu were also identified shortly thereafter in Romania, and then Greece. Possible cases of the virus have also been found in Croatia, Bulgaria and the United Kingdom.[141]

 

By November 2007, numerous confirmed cases of the H5N1 strain had been identified across Europe.[142] However, by the end of October, only 59 people had died as a result of H5N1, which was atypical of previous influenza pandemics.

 

Avian flu cannot be categorized as a "pandemic" because the virus cannot yet cause sustained and efficient human-to-human transmission. Cases so far are recognized to have been transmitted from bird to human, but as of December 2006 there had been few (if any) cases of proven human-to-human transmission.[143] Regular influenza viruses establish infection by attaching to receptors in the throat and lungs, but the avian influenza virus can attach only to receptors located deep in the lungs of humans, requiring close, prolonged contact with infected patients, and thus limiting person-to-person transmission.

 

Zika virus[edit]

Main articles: 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic, Zika virus, and Zika fever

An outbreak of Zika virus began in 2015 and strongly intensified throughout the start of 2016, with more than 1.5 million cases across more than a dozen countries in the Americas. The World Health Organization warned that Zika had the potential to become an explosive global pandemic if the outbreak was not controlled.[144]

 

Economic consequences[edit]

In 2016, the Commission on a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future estimated that pandemic disease events would cost the global economy over $6 trillion in the 21st century—over $60 billion per year.[145] The same report recommended spending $4.5 billion annually on global prevention and response capabilities to reduce the threat posed by pandemic events.

 

Biological warfare[edit]

Further information: Biological warfare

In 1346, according to secondhand and uncorroborated accounts by Mussi, the bodies of Mongol warriors who had died of plague were thrown over the walls of the besieged Crimean city of Kaffa (now Theodosia). After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering the disease, they catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls to infect the inhabitants. It has been speculated that this operation may have been responsible for the arrival of the Black Death in Europe. However, historians believe it would have taken far too long for the bodies to become contagious.[146]

 

The Native American population was devastated after contact with the Old World by introduction of many fatal diseases.[147][148][149] In a well documented case of germ warfare involving British commander Jeffery Amherst and Swiss-British officer Colonel Henry Bouquet, their correspondence included a proposal and agreement to give smallpox-infected blankets to Indians in order to "Extirpate this Execrable Race". During the siege of Fort Pitt late in the French and Indian War, as recorded in his journal by sundries trader and militia Captain, William Trent, on 24 June 1763, dignitaries from the Delaware tribe met with Fort Pitt officials, warned them of "great numbers of Indians" coming to attack the fort, and pleaded with them to leave the fort while there was still time. The commander of the fort refused to abandon the fort. Instead, the British gave as gifts two blankets, one silk handkerchief and one linen from the smallpox hospital to two Delaware Indian dignitaries.[150] The dignitaries were met again later and they seemingly hadn't contracted smallpox.[151] A relatively small outbreak of smallpox had begun spreading earlier that spring, with a hundred dying from it among Native American tribes in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes area through 1763 and 1764.[151] The effectiveness of the biological warfare itself remains unknown, and the method used is inefficient compared to respiratory transmission and these attempts to spread the disease are difficult to differentiate from epidemics occurring from previous contacts with colonists,[152] as smallpox outbreaks happened every dozen or so years.[153] However historian Francis Jennings believes that the attempt at biological warfare was "unquestionably effective at Fort Pitt".[154]

 

During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), Unit 731 of the Imperial Japanese Army conducted human experimentation on thousands, mostly Chinese. In military campaigns, the Japanese army used biological weapons on Chinese soldiers and civilians. Plague fleas, infected clothing, and infected supplies encased in bombs were dropped on various targets. The resulting cholera, anthrax, and plague were estimated to have killed around 400,000 Chinese civilians.

 

Diseases considered for or known to be used as a weapon include anthrax, ebola, Marburg virus, plague, cholera, typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, brucellosis, Q fever, machupo, Coccidioides mycosis, Glanders, Melioidosis, Shigella, Psittacosis, Japanese B encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, and smallpox.[155]

 

Spores of weaponized anthrax were accidentally released from a military facility near the Soviet closed city of Sverdlovsk in 1979. The Sverdlovsk anthrax leak is sometimes called "biological Chernobyl".[155] In January 2009, an Al-Qaeda training camp in Algeria was reportedly wiped out by the plague, killing approximately 40 Islamic extremists. Some experts said the group was developing biological weapons,[156] however, a couple of days later the Algerian Health Ministry flatly denied this rumour stating "No case of plague of any type has been recorded in any region of Algeria since 2003".[157]

 

In popular culture[edit]

 

This section contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (March 2020)

 

Pieter Bruegel's The Triumph of Death (c. 1562) reflects the social upheaval and terror that followed the plague that devastated medieval Europe.

Pandemics appear in multiple fiction works. A common use is in disaster films, where the protagonists must avoid the effects of the plague, for example zombies.[clarification needed]

 

Literature

 

The Decameron, a 14th-century writing by Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio, circa 1353

The Last Man, an 1826 novel by Mary Shelley

The Betrothed, an 1842 historical novel by Alessandro Manzoni describing the plague that struck Milan around 1630.

Pale Horse, Pale Rider, a 1939 short novel by Katherine Anne Porter

The Plague, a 1947 novel by Albert Camus

Earth Abides, a 1949 novel by George R. Stewart

I Am Legend, a 1954 science fiction/horror novel by American writer Richard Matheson

The Andromeda Strain, a 1969 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton

The Last Canadian, a 1974 novel by William C. Heine

The Black Death, a 1977 novel by Gwyneth Cravens describing an outbreak of the Pneumonic plague in New York[158]

The Stand, a 1978 novel by Stephen King

And the Band Played On, a 1987 non-fiction account by Randy Shilts about the emergence and discovery of the HIV / AIDS pandemic

Doomsday Book, a 1992 time-travel novel by Connie Willis

The Last Town on Earth, a 2006 novel by Thomas Mullen

World War Z, a 2006 novel by Max Brooks

Company of Liars (2008), by Karen Maitland

The Passage trilogy by Justin Cronin with The Passage (2010), The Twelve (2012), and The City of Mirrors (2016)

Station Eleven, a 2014 novel by Emily St. John Mandel

Film

 

The Seventh Seal (1957), set during the Black Death

The Last Man on Earth (1964), a horror/science fiction film based on the Richard Matheson novel I Am Legend

Andromeda Strain (1971), a U.S. science fiction film based on the 1969 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton.

The Omega Man (1971), an English science fiction film, based on the Richard Matheson novel I Am Legend

And the Band Played On (film) (1993), a HBO movie about the emergence of the HIV / AIDS pandemic; based on the 1987 non-fiction book by journalistRandy Shilts

The Stand (1994), based on the eponymous novel by Stephen King about a worldwide pandemic of biblical proportions

The Horseman on the Roof (Le Hussard sur le Toit) (1995), a French film dealing with an 1832 cholera outbreak

Twelve Monkeys (1995), set in a future world devastated by a man-made virus

Outbreak (1995), fiction film focusing on an outbreak of an Ebola-like virus in Zaire and later in a small town in California.

Smallpox 2002 (2002), a fictional BBC docudrama

28 Days Later (2002), a fictional horror film following the outbreak of an infectious 'Rage' virus that destroys all of mainland Britain

Yesterday (2004), a movie about the social aspects of the AIDS crisis in Africa.

End Day (2005), a fictional BBC docudrama

I Am Legend (2007), a post-apocalyptic action thriller film film starring Will Smith based on the Richard Matheson novel I Am Legend

28 Weeks Later (2007), the sequel film to 28 Days Later, ending with the evident spread of infection to mainland Europe

The Happening (2008), a fictional suspense film about an epidemic caused by an unknown neurotoxin that induces human suicides to reduce population and restore ecological balance

Doomsday (2008), in which Scotland is quarantined following an epidemic

Black Death (2010) action horror film set during the time of the first outbreak of bubonic plague in England

After Armageddon (2010), fictional History Channel docudrama

Contagion (2011), American thriller centering on the threat posed by a deadly disease and an international team of doctors contracted by the CDC to deal with the outbreak

How to Survive a Plague (2012), a documentary film about the early years of the AIDS epidemic

World War Z (2013) American apocalyptic action horror film based on the novel by Max Brooks

The Normal Heart (2014), film depicts the rise of the HIV-AIDS crisis in New York City between 1981 and 1984

Television

 

Spanish Flu: The Forgotten Fallen (2009), a television drama

Helix (2014–2015), a television series that depicts a team of scientists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) who are tasked to prevent pandemics from occurring.

The Last Man on Earth (2015–2018), a television series about a group of survivors after a pandemic has wiped out most life (humans and animals) on Earth

12 Monkeys (2015–2018), a television series that depicts James Cole, a time traveler, who travels from the year 2043 to the present day to stop the release of a deadly virus.

Survivors (1975–1977), classic BBC series created by Terry Nation. The series follows a group of people as they come to terms with the aftermath of a world pandemic.

Survivors (2008), BBC series, loosely based on the Terry Nation book which came after the series, instead of a retelling of the original TV series.

The Last Train 1999 written by Matthew Graham

World Without End (2012), chronicles the experiences of the medieval English town of Kingsbridge during the outbreak of the Black Death, based on Ken Follett's 2007 novel of the same name.

The Hot Zone (2019), a television series based on the 1994 non-fiction book of the same name by Richard Preston.

Pandemic: How to Prevent an Outbreak (2020), Netflix's docuseries

The Walking Dead (2010–), a virus appears that kills people and then revives them by turning them into zombies. An Atlanta group will try to survive in this new, post-apocalyptic world

Games

 

Resident Evil series (1996-2020), video game series focusing on T-virus pandemic and eventual zombie apocalypse as part of a bioterrorism act. The video games later evolved to be focusing on parasites and bioweapons.

Deus Ex, A World Wide Plague known as grey death infects the world created by Majestic 12 to bring about population reduction and New World order.

Pandemic (2008), a cooperative board game in which the players have to discover the cures for four diseases that break out at the same time.

Plague Inc. (2012), a smartphone game from Ndemic Creations, where the goal is to kill off the human race with a plague.

The Last of Us (2013), a post-apocalyptic survival game centred around an outbreak of a Cordyceps-like fungal infection.

Tom Clancy's The Division (2015) A video game about a bioterrorist attack that has devastated the United States and thrown New York into anarchy.

See also[edit]

Pandemic portal

iconViruses portal

List of epidemics

Biological hazard

Bushmeat

Compartmental models in epidemiology

Crowdmapping

Disease X

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)

Mathematical modelling of infectious disease

Medieval demography

Mortality from infectious diseases

Pandemic severity index

Public health emergency of international concern

Super-spreader

Syndemic

Tropical disease

Timeline of global health

WHO pandemic phases

Notes[edit]

^ For clarification, WHO does not use the old system of six phases—ranging from phase 1 (no reports of animal influenza causing human infections) to phase 6 (a pandemic)—that some people may be familiar with from H1N1 in 2009.

References[edit]

^ Porta, Miquel, ed. (2008). Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-531449-6. Retrieved 14 September 2012.

^ A. M., Dumar (2009). Swine Flu: What You Need to Know. Wildside Press LLC. p. 7. ISBN 978-1434458322.

^ "WHO says it no longer uses 'pandemic' category, but virus still emergency". Reuters. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.

^ "WHO press conference on 2009 pandemic influenza" (PDF). World Health Organization. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2010.

^ "Pandemic influenza preparedness and response" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2011.

^ "WHO pandemic phase descriptions and main actions by phase" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2011.

^ "A whole industry is waiting for an epidemic". Der Spiegel. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2010.

^ Jump up to: a b c Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD (March 2020). "How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic?". The Lancet. 395 (10228): 931–934. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5. PMID 32164834. A key issue for epidemiologists is helping policy makers decide the main objectives of mitigation—eg, minimising morbidity and associated mortality, avoiding an epidemic peak that overwhelms health-care services, keeping the effects on the economy within manageable levels, and flattening the epidemic curve to wait for vaccine development and manufacture on scale and antiviral drug therapies.

^ Jump up to: a b "Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza—United States, 2017". Recommendations and Reports. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 66 (1). 12 April 2017.

^ "3. Strategies for Disease Containment". Ethical and Legal Considerations in Mitigating Pandemic Disease: Workshop Summary.

^ Baird, Robert P. (11 March 2020). "What It Means to Contain and Mitigate the Coronavirus". The New Yorker.

^ "Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand" (PDF). Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team. 16 March 2020.

^ Chong, Jia-Rui (30 October 2007). "Analysis clarifies route of AIDS". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 July 2014.

^ "The South African Department of Health Study". Avert.org. 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2010.

^ "WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China". WHO. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020.

^ "Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic (Live statistics)". Worldometer. 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.

^ "Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by Johns Hopkins CSSE". gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 8 March 2020.

^ "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020". WHO. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.

^ "Coronavirus confirmed as pandemic". BBC News. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.

^ Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). "John Hopkins," April 03, 2020

^ "Ancient Athenian Plague Proves to Be Typhoid". Scientific American. 25 January 2006.

^ Past pandemics that ravaged Europe. BBC News, 7 November. 2005

^ "Cambridge Catalogue page 'Plague and the End of Antiquity'". Cambridge.org. Retrieved 26 August 2010.

^ Quotes from book "Plague and the End of Antiquity" Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Lester K. Little, ed., Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750, Cambridge, 2006. ISBN 0-521-84639-0

^ "Plague, Plague Information, Black Death Facts, News, Photos". National Geographic. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

^ Death on a Grand Scale. MedHunters.

^ Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, in L'Histoire No. 310, June 2006, pp. 45–46, say "between one-third and two-thirds"; Robert Gottfried (1983). "Black Death" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, volume 2, pp. 257–267, says "between 25 and 45 percent".

^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Plague" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 693–705.

^ "A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665". Urbanrim.org.uk. 4 August 2010. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2010.

^ Revill, Jo (16 May 2004). "Black Death blamed on man, not rats". The Observer. London. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

^ "Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague". Dshs.state.tx.us. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

^ Igeji, Mike. "Black Death". BBC. Retrieved 3 November 2008.

^ The Great Plague of London, 1665. The Harvard University Library, Open Collections Program: Contagion.

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^ Cholera's seven pandemics, cbc.ca, 2 December 2008

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There is a link between these five shots today, and that goes back to my series on Tom Roberts yesterday. I took these shots immediately after shooting in the QVMAG. I wanted to get the two Tom Roberts shots and also do a shoot on superstar young local artist, Josh Foley (that will come in a future series and believe me you won't want to miss it!).

 

Josh Foley is a young legend in the local arts scene, otherwise why would he have a three months show at the QVMAG? Anyway, that's to come. These next two shots belong to the supreme street artist in Launceston who goes by the name of Kreamart.

 

Like Banksy (although with nowhere near the brand cache), Kreams is anonymous. But I can tell you this much. He's 20 years old and has immense talent. You'll remember I featured some of his work recently. Well the next two shots are the very latest public works by Kreamart. They are featured on the levee bank walls near the Royal Park skate park.

Big postcard by Pyramid Posters, Leicester, no. SPC9608. Photo: Universal Studios. Al Pacino in Scarface (Brian De Palma, 1983).

 

During the 1970s, American actor Al Pacino (1940) established himself with such films as The Godfather (1972), Serpico (1973), The Godfather: Part II (1974) and Dog Day Afternoon (1975). In the following decades, he became an enduring icon of the American cinema. He won the Triple Crown of Acting: an Oscar for Best Actor for Scent of a Woman (1992); a Tony for Best Supporting Actor in the play 'Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie?' (1969) and for Best Actor in the play 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' (1977); and an Emmy for Best Actor in the Miniseries Angels in America (2003).

 

Alfredo James 'Al' Pacino was born in 1940 in Manhattan, New York City, to Italian-American parents, Rose (nee Gerardi) and Sal Pacino, who worked as an insurance agent. His maternal grandfather was born in Corleone, Sicily. His parents divorced when he was two years old. His mother moved them into his grandparents' home in the South Bronx. In his teenage years, Pacino was known as 'Sonny' to his friends. Pacino found himself often repeating the plots and voices of characters he had seen in films. Bored and unmotivated in school, he found a haven in school plays, and his interest soon blossomed into a full-time career. He attended the High School of the Performing Arts until he dropped out at age 17. In 1962, Pacino's mother died at the age of 43. The following year, his grandfather James also died. Starting onstage, he went through a period of depression and poverty, sometimes having to borrow bus fare to succeed to auditions. He made it into the prestigious Actors Studio in 1966, studying under Lee Strasberg, creator of the Method Approach that would become the trademark of many 1970s-era actors. After appearing in a string of plays in supporting roles, Pacino finally attained success off-Broadway with Israel Horovitz's 'The Indian Wants the Bronx', winning an Obie Award for the 1966-1967 season. He was also nominated for a Best Actor Obie for 'Why Is a Crooked Letter' (1966). That was followed by a Tony Award for 'Does the Tiger Wear a Necktie?' Pacino was a longtime member of David Wheeler's Theatre Company of Boston, for which he performed in 'Richard III' in Boston (1972-1973) and at the Cort Theater in New York City (1979). He also appeared in their productions of Bertolt Brecht's 'Aurturo Ui' at the Charles Theater in Boston in 1975 and later in New York and London, and in David Rabe's 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' at the Longacre Theater in New York in 1977. At the age of 29 he made his film debut with a supporting part in Me, Natalie (Fred Coe, 1969) featuring Patty Duke. In 1970, Pacino signed with the talent agency Creative Management Associates (CMA). He gained favourable notice for his first lead role as a heroin addict in The Panic in Needle Park (Jerry Schatzberg , 1971). These first feature films made little departure from the gritty realistic stage performances that earned him respect. Then came the role of Michael Corleone in The Godfather (Francis Ford Coppola, 1972). It was one of the most sought-after of the time: Robert Redford, Warren Beatty, Jack Nicholson, Ryan O'Neal, Robert De Niro and a host of other actors either wanted it or were mentioned. Pacino was rejected repeatedly by studio heads for the role, but Francis Ford Coppola fought for him. Coppola was successful but Pacino was reportedly in constant fear of being fired during the very difficult shoot. Ironically, The Godfather (1972) was a monster hit that earned Pacino his first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. It turned out to be the breakthrough for both Pacino and director Francis Ford Coppola.

 

Instead of taking on easier projects for the big money after this success, Al Pacino threw his support behind what he considered tough but important films. In 1973, Pacino co-starred in Scarecrow (Jerry Schatzberg, 1973), with Gene Hackman, and won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. He also starred in the true-life crime drama Serpico (Sidney Lumet, 1973) and the tragic real-life bank robbery film Dog Day Afternoon (Sidney Lumet, 1975). In between , he returned as Michael Corleone in The Godfather: Part II (Francis Ford Coppola, 1974), the first sequel ever to win the Best Picture Oscar. For these three films, Pacino was nominated three consecutive years for the Best Actor Academy Award. In 1977, he also won his second Tony Award as Best Actor (Play) for 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' (1977). He faltered slightly with Bobby Deerfield (Sydney Pollack, 1977), but regained his stride with ...and justice for all. (Norman Jewison, 1979), for which he received another Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Unfortunately, this would signal the beginning of a decline in his career, which produced flops like the controversial Cruising (William Friedkin, 1980) and the comedy-drama Author! Author! (Arthur Hiller, 1982). Pacino cemented his legendary status with his role as Cuban drug lord Tony Montana in the ultra-violent cult film Scarface (Brian De Palma, 1983. Pedro Borges at IMDb: "a monumental mistake was about to follow. Revolution (Hugh Hudson, 1985) endured an endless and seemingly cursed shoot in which equipment was destroyed, weather was terrible, and Pacino fell ill with pneumonia. Constant changes in the script further derailed the project. The Revolutionary War-themed film, considered among the worst films ever made, resulted in awful reviews and kept him off the screen for the next four years." Returning to the stage, Pacino did much to give back and contribute to the theatre, which he considers his first love. He directed a film, The Local Stigmatic (1990), but it remains unreleased. He lifted his self-imposed exile playing a hard-drinking policeman in the striking Sea of Love (Harold Becker, 1989), with Ellen Barkin. This marked the second phase of Pacino's career, being the first to feature his now famous dark, owl eyes and hoarse, gravelly voice.

 

Returning to the Corleones, Al Pacino made The Godfather: Part III (Francis Ford Coppola, 1990) and earned raves for his first comedic role in the colorful adaptation Dick Tracy (Warren Beatty, 1990). This earned him another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, and two years later he was nominated for Glengarry Glen Ross (James Foley, 1992). He went into romantic mode for Frankie and Johnny (Garry Marshall, 1991) with Michelle Pfeiffer. In 1992, he finally won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his amazing performance as the blind U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman (Martin Brest, 1992). A mixture of technical perfection and charisma, the role was tailor-made for him, and remains a classic. The next few years would see Pacino becoming more comfortable with acting and films as a business, turning out great roles in great films with more frequency and less of the demanding personal involvement of his wilder days. Carlito's Way (Brian De Palma, 1993) with Sean Penn proved another gangster classic, as did the epic crime drama Heat (Michael Mann, 1995) co-starring Robert De Niro. He directed the theatrical docudrama Looking for Richard (1996), a performance of selected scenes of Shakespeare's Richard III and a broader examination of Shakespeare's continuing role and relevance in popular culture. In Donnie Brasco (Mike Newell, 1997), Pacino played gangster 'Lefty' in the true story of undercover FBI agent Donnie Brasco (Johnny Depp) and his work in bringing down the Mafia from the inside. Pacino played Satan in the supernatural thriller The Devil's Advocate (Taylor Hackford, 1997) which co-starred Keanu Reeves. The film was a success at the box office, taking US$150 million worldwide. He also gave commanding performances in The Insider (Michael Mann, 1999) with Russell Crowe, and Any Given Sunday (Oliver Stone, 1999) opposite Cameron Diaz.

 

Al Pacino co-starred with Hillary Swank and Robin Williams in the mystery thriller Insomnia (Christopher Nolan, 2002), a remake of the Norwegian film of the same name. Pacino starred as Shylock in Michael Radford's film adaptation of The Merchant of Venice (2004), choosing to bring compassion and depth to a character traditionally played as a villainous caricature. In the 2000s, he starred in a number of theatrical blockbusters, including Ocean's Thirteen (Steven Soderbergh, 2007) with George Clooney and Brad Pitt, but his choice in television roles like the vicious, closeted Roy Cohn in the HBO miniseries Angels in America (Tony Kushner, 2003) and his sensitive portrayal of Jack Kevorkian, in the television film You Don't Know Jack (Barry Levinson, 2010), are reminiscent of the bolder choices of his early career. Each television project garnered him an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie. Recently, Pacino starred alongside Brad Pitt and Leonardo DiCaprio in Quentin Tarantino's comedy-drama Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019) and he co-starred with Robert De Niro in Martin Scorsese's Netflix film The Irishman (2019). He will play Meyer Offerman, a fictional Nazi hunter, in the Amazon Video series Hunters. Never wed, Pacino has a daughter, Julie Marie, with acting teacher Jan Tarrant, and a set of twins with former longtime girlfriend Beverly D'Angelo. His romantic history includes Veruschka von Lehndorff, Jill Clayburgh, Debra Winger, Tuesday Weld, Marthe Keller, Carmen Cervera, Kathleen Quinlan, Lyndall Hobbs, Penelope Ann Miller, and a two-decade intermittent relationship with Godfather co-star Diane Keaton. Since 2007, Al Pacino lives with Argentinian actress Lucila Solá, who is 36 years his junior. In 2007, the American Film Institute awarded Pacino with a lifetime achievement award.

 

Sources: Pedro Borges (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Dutch postcard by Filmmuseum, Amsterdam. Photo: Filmmuseum. Jack Lemmon in The Apartment (Billy Wilder, 1960).

 

Versatile and beloved American actor Jack Lemmon (1925-2001) was a virtuoso in both comedy and drama. He initially acted on TV before moving to Hollywood, cultivating a career that would span decades. Lemmon starred in over 60 films including Some Like It Hot (1959), The Apartment (1960), Irma la Douce (1963), The Odd Couple (1968), Save the Tiger (1973) and Grumpy Old Men (1993). Some of his most beloved performances stemmed from his collaborations with acclaimed director Billy Wilder and with his fellow friend and actor Walter Matthau.

 

Jack Lemmon was born John Uhler Lemmon III in 1925, in an elevator at Newton-Wellesley Hospital in Newton, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. He was the only child of Mildred Lankford Noel and John Uhler Lemmon, Jr., the president of a doughnut company. He later described his flamboyant, authoritarian mother as 'Tallulah Bankhead on a roadshow.' He laughed about how she used to hang out with her girlfriends at the Ritz Bar in Boston and how she tried to have her cremation ashes placed on the bar (the management refused). Jack attended Ward Elementary near his Newton, MA home. At age 9 he was sent to Rivers Country Day School, then located in nearby Brookline. After RCDS, he went to high school at Phillips Andover Academy. Jack Lemmon attended Harvard, where he became president of the Hasty Pudding Club, the university's famous acting club. During WW II, he served in the Naval Reserve and was the communications officer aboard the aircraft carrier USS Lake Champlain CV-39. After serving as a Navy ensign, he worked in a beer hall playing the piano. Then, Lemmon followed his passion for theatre. His father didn't approve of his son taking up acting, but told him he should continue with it only as long as he felt passion for it. Soon, Jack landed small roles on radio, off-Broadway, TV and Broadway. In 1953, he was very successful on Broadway with 'Room Service', after which he went to Hollywood. He signed a contract with Columbia Pictures. His film debut was opposite Judy Holliday in the romantic comedy It Should Happen to You (George Cukor, 1954). He was loaned to Warner Bros. in 1955 for his fourth film. There, he had his breakthrough as Ensign Pulver in the war drama Mister Roberts (John Ford, Mervyn LeRoy, 1955) starring Henry Fonda and James Cagney. His complex portrayal of this somewhat dishonest but sensitive character earned him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Lemmon would go on to work on a number of films with comedian and close friend Ernie Kovacs, including Bell Book and Candle (Richard Quine, 1958) starring James Stewart and Kim Novak. In 1959, Lemmon gave one of the top comedic performances of his career when he starred alongside Tony Curtis and Marilyn Monroe in the romantic comedy Some Like It Hot (Billy Wilder, 1959). He received an Oscar nomination for his role and he did the next year, for The Appartement (Billy Wilder, (1960) in which he co-starred with Shirley MacLaine. This led to several more collaborations with director Billy Wilder and great success on the big screen throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

 

Jack Lemmon also excelled in drama. He received an Oscar nomination for his role as an alcoholic in Days of Wine and Roses (Blake Edwards, 1962) and later followed more nominations for the dramas The China Syndrome (James Bridges, 1979), Tribute (Bob Clark, 1980) and Missing (Costa-Gravas, 1982). Kyle Perez at IMDb: "Sometimes referred to as "America's Everyman", Lemmon's versatility as an actor helped the audience more closely identify and relate to him. He was able always to elicit a laugh or sympathy from his viewers and his charismatic presence always shined on the big screen. He often portrayed the quintessence of an aspiring man and established a lasting impression on the film industry." Lemmon reunited with Shirley MacLaine in another Wilder film, Irma la Douce (Billy Wilder, 1963). It was one of the biggest commercial successes for the trio. The Fortune Cookie (Billy Wilder, 1966) served as the start of a comedic partnership between Lemmon and Walter Matthau and the two would come together again, two years later, for The Odd Couple (Gene Saks, 1968), based on a play by Neil Simon. It is one of their most endearing films together. As the 1970s came around, Lemmon began to undertake more dramatic roles and won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as Harry Stoner in Save the Tiger (John G. Avildsen, 1973). Lemmon admitted to having had a serious drinking problem at one time, which is one reason he looked back on his Oscar-winning role as perhaps the most gratifying, emotionally fulfilling performance of his career. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Lemmon continued to excel in his character performances and earned the Cannes Best Actor award for The China Syndrome (James Bridges, 1979) and Missing (Costa-Gravas, 1982). As a director, he made his film debut with Kotch (Jack Lemmon, 1971) and his Broadway debut with Eugene O'Neill's 'Long Day's Journey into Night'. In 1988 he received the Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute. In the 1990s, he continued to have success with roles in films such as Glengarry Glen Ross (James Foley, 1992) and Short Cuts (Robert Altman, 1993). In the comedy Grumpy Old Men (Donald Petrie, 1993), he was reunited with Walter Matthau. The film was a huge success, and a sequel was even released in 1995. A sequel to The Odd Couple was also released in 1998. In 1997, he received a Golden Globe nomination for the television adaptation of 12 Angry Men (William Friedkin, 1997). Lemmon was married twice, first to actress Cynthia Stone (1950-1956) and his second marriage to actress Felicia Farr lasted from 1972 till his death. Jack Lemmon passed away in 2001 in Los Angeles at the age of 76. He had two children, Chris Lemmon (1954) and Courtney Lemmon (1966). Actress Sydney Lemmon is his granddaughter.

 

Sources: Ed Stephan (IMDb), Kyle Perez (IMDb), Wikipedia (Dutch) and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Starring... Anna Torv as FBI Agent Olivia Dunham, Joshua Jackson as Peter Bishop, John Noble as Dr. Walter Bishop, Lance Reddick as Agent Phillip Broyles, Blair Brown as Nina Sharp, Jasika Nicole as Astrid Farnsworth,

 

Fringe is an American science fiction television series created by J. J. Abrams, Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci. The series follows a Federal Bureau of Investigation "Fringe Division" team based in Boston, Massachusetts under the supervision of Homeland Security. The team uses unorthodox "fringe" science and FBI investigative techniques to investigate a series of unexplained, often ghastly occurrences, which are related to mysteries surrounding a parallel universe. The show has been described as a hybrid of The X-Files, Altered States, The Twilight Zone and Dark Angel.[1][2]

 

The series premiered in North America on August 19, 2008, on the Fox network. Fringe was part of a Fox initiative known as "Remote-Free TV". Episodes of Fringe were longer than standard dramas on current network television. The show ran with half the commercials during the first season, adding about six minutes to the show's runtime.[3] When the show went to a commercial, a short bumper aired informing the viewer of roughly how much time commercials will consume before the program resumed. On October 1, 2008, Fringe's first season was extended to 22 episodes.[4] This was then cut back to 20 episodes with the season finale airing May 12.[5] The series was renewed for a second season.[6] Season 2 premiered September 18, 2009.[7] However, Fox's "Remote-Free TV" trial did not continue past the first season. On March 6, 2010, Entertainment Weekly and Variety reported that Fox had renewed Fringe for a third season;[8] it was later reported that it would be for a full 22 episodes.[9] The third season premiered September 23, 2010.[10]

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More about Fringe: On Wikipedia.

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For Photo of Prison Break Cast: Click Here...Photo of Prison Break Cast.

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For Photo of Lost Cast: Click Here... Photo of Lost Cast.

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My other Flickr Sites: Jimmy MacDonald [2] Jimmy MacDonald [3]

 

My Website: Jimmy MacDonald's Website

 

My YouTube Chanel: Jimmy MacDonald's YouTube

 

My Blog: Yahoo Profiles Blog

 

My Blog '2' BlogSpot.

 

My Flickr Group Photos: Christians in Prayer & Worship

 

Guestbook: View/Sign Guestbook

Photo Guestbook: View/Sign Photo Guestbook

____________________________________________________________________________

 

Anna Torv... Olivia Dunham (65 episodes, 2008-2011)

Joshua Jackson... Peter Bishop (65 episodes, 2008-2011)

Lance Reddick... Agent Phillip Broyles / ... (65 episodes, 2008-2011)

Blair Brown... Nina Sharp (65 episodes, 2008-2011)

Jasika Nicole... Astrid Farnsworth / ... (65 episodes, 2008-2011)

John Noble... Dr. Walter Bishop (65 episodes, 2008-2011)

Kirk Acevedo... Agent Charlie Francis / ... (30 episodes, 2008-2010)

Michael Cerveris... The Observer / ... (25 episodes, 2008-2010)

Mark Valley... John Scott (13 episodes, 2008-2009)

Ari Graynor... Rachel / ... (10 episodes, 2009-2010)

Lily Pilblad... Ella / ... (10 episodes, 2009-2010)

Jacqueline Beaulieu... Nina's Assistant (10 episodes, 2008)

Sebastian Roché... Thomas Jerome Newton (8 episodes, 2009-2010)

Leonard Nimoy... Dr. William Bell / ... (7 episodes, 2009-2010)

Ryan Mcdonald... Brandon (6 episodes, 2009-2010)

Chance Kelly... Mitchell Loeb / ... (5 episodes, 2008-2009)

Darby Lynn Totten... Agent #2 / ... (5 episodes, 2008-2009)

Seth Gabel... Lincoln Lee (5 episodes, 2010)

Kevin Corrigan... Sam Weiss (4 episodes, 2009-2010)

Jared Harris... David Robert Jones (4 episodes, 2008-2009)

Michael Gaston... Sanford Harris (4 episodes, 2009)

Gerard Plunkett... Sen. Van Horn / ... (3 episodes, 2009-2010)

Ash Roeca... Agent Rodriguez / ... (3 episodes, 2008-2009)

Philip Winchester... Frank Stanton (3 episodes, 2010)

Ryan McDonald... Brandon / ... (3 episodes, 2010)

Clark Middleton... Edward Markham / ... (3 episodes, 2009-2010)

Stefan Arngrim... Store Owner (3 episodes, 2009-2010)

Eugene Lipinski... December (3 episodes, 2009-2010)

Karen Holness... Diane Broyles / ... (3 episodes, 2009-2010)

Matthew Martin... ND Agent / ... (3 episodes, 2008-2009)

Mig Macario... Tech / ... (3 episodes, 2010)

Roger R. Cross... Hybrid / ... (2 episodes, 2009)

Peter Woodward... August (2 episodes, 2009-2010)

Meghan Markle... Junior FBI Agent Amy Jessup (2 episodes, 2009)

Kenneth Tigar... Warden Johan Lennox (2 episodes, 2008-2009)

Trini Alvarado... Samantha Loeb (2 episodes, 2008-2009)

Chinasa Ogbuagu... Lloyd / ... (2 episodes, 2009)

Guiesseppe Jones... Agent #3 / ... (2 episodes, 2008-2009)

Douglas Chapman... Agent / ... (2 episodes, 2009-2010)

Chris Eastman... CSI Investigator (2 episodes, 2009)

Anna Van Hooft... Nina's Assistant (2 episodes, 2009)

Brian Slaten... Man #1 / ... (2 episodes, 2008-2009)

Chad Gittens... Agent #2 / ... (2 episodes, 2009)

Chris Shields... ND Agent / ... (2 episodes, 2009)

Jenni Blong... Dr. Carla Warren (2 episodes, 2010)

Orla Brady... Elizabeth Bishop (2 episodes, 2010)

Amy Madigan... Marilyn Dunham (2 episodes, 2010)

Omar Metwally... James Heath / ... (2 episodes, 2010)

David Call... Nick Lane (2 episodes, 2009-2010)

Marie Avgeropoulos... Leah / ... (2 episodes, 2010)

Hamza Adam... Deputy (2 episodes, 2010)

Diana Bang... Nora (2 episodes, 2010)

David Richmond-Peck... CSI Detective Kassel (2 episodes, 2010)

Silver Kim... Actor / ... (2 episodes, 2010)

Scott Patey... Stock Boy (2 episodes, 2010)

John Prowse... Corpse #2 / ... (2 episodes, 2010)

John Shaw... Medical Examiner (2 episodes, 2010)

Eve Harlow... Cashier (2 episodes, 2010)

Jamie Switch... Lloyd Becker (2 episodes, 2010)

Nelson Peña... Junior Agent / ... (2 episodes, 2009)

James Pizzinato... Dave (2 episodes, 2010)

Megan Leitch... Elaine (2 episodes, 2010)

Mary Alison Raine... Actor / ... (2 episodes, 2010)

Cam Cronin... Fbi Tech / ... (2 episodes, 2009-2010)

Robyn Payne... Agent / ... (2 episodes, 2009)

Alberta Mayne... Young Mother (2 episodes, 2010)

Al Miro... Neal (2 episodes, 2010)

Sierra Pitkin... Jordan (2 episodes, 2010)

David Shumbris... Man #1 / ... (2 episodes, 2008-2009)

Jennifer Butler... CSU Investigator (2 episodes, 2008)

Takako Haywood... FBI Agent (2 episodes, 2008)

Harry L. Seddon... Catatonic Mental Patient / ... (2 episodes, 2008)

Danny Doherty... Boston Fireman / ... (2 episodes, 2009-2010)

Alison Wandzura... Olivia Body Double / ... (2 episodes, 2010-2011)

Heather Doerksen... Assistant / ... (2 episodes, 2010)

Ryan James McDonald... Brandon (2 episodes, 2010)

Simon Raymond... Fringe Division Tech / ... (2 episodes, 2010)

Cameron K. Smith... Cab Driver (2 episodes, 2010)

 

Create a character page for:

Series Produced by

Jeff Pinkner.... executive producer (64 episodes, 2008-2011)

J.H. Wyman.... executive producer / co-executive producer (50 episodes, 2009-2011)

J.J. Abrams.... executive producer (46 episodes, 2008-2010)

Bryan Burk.... executive producer (46 episodes, 2008-2010)

Alex Kurtzman.... consulting producer / executive producer (46 episodes, 2008-2010)

Roberto Orci.... consulting producer / executive producer (46 episodes, 2008-2010)

Tamara Isaac.... co-producer / associate producer / ... (42 episodes, 2008-2010)

Robert M. Williams Jr..... producer (36 episodes, 2008-2010)

Tanya M. Swerling.... co-producer / associate producer / ... (31 episodes, 2009-2010)

Joe Chappelle.... co-executive producer / executive producer (25 episodes, 2009-2010)

Akiva Goldsman.... consulting producer (25 episodes, 2009-2010)

Kathy Lingg.... producer (25 episodes, 2009-2010)

Reid Shane.... supervising producer / co-executive producer (25 episodes, 2009-2010)

Josh Singer.... supervising producer / co-executive producer (25 episodes, 2009-2010)

David Wilcox.... co-executive producer (25 episodes, 2009-2010)

Ashley Miller.... producer (22 episodes, 2009-2010)

Zack Stentz.... producer (22 episodes, 2009-2010)

Jeff Vlaming.... supervising producer (22 episodes, 2009-2010)

David H. Goodman.... co-executive producer (20 episodes, 2008-2010)

Brad Kane.... co-producer (20 episodes, 2008-2010)

J.R. Orci.... supervising producer (20 episodes, 2008-2010)

Brooke Kennedy.... co-executive producer (16 episodes, 2008-2010)

Fred Toye.... producer (14 episodes, 2008-2010)

Jason Cahill.... consulting producer (11 episodes, 2008-2009)

Felicia D. Henderson.... co-executive producer (11 episodes, 2008-2009)

John Litvack.... consulting producer (11 episodes, 2008-2009)

Darin Morgan.... consulting producer (11 episodes, 2008-2009)

Andrew Kreisberg.... co-executive producer (7 episodes, 2009-2010)

Brad Anderson.... producer (5 episodes, 2009-2010)

Paul A. Edwards.... producer (4 episodes, 2008)

Monica Breen.... co-executive producer (3 episodes, 2010)

Alison Schapker.... co-executive producer (3 episodes, 2010)

Vladimir Stefoff.... co-producer (3 episodes, 2010)

Athena Wickham.... co-producer (3 episodes, 2010)

 

Series Original Music by

Michael Giacchino (44 episodes, 2008-2010)

Chris Tilton (24 episodes, 2009-2010)

 

Series Cinematography by

Tom Yatsko (24 episodes, 2008-2010)

David Moxness (11 episodes, 2009-2010)

Fred Murphy (5 episodes, 2009-2010)

Michael Slovis (4 episodes, 2009)

 

Series Film Editing by

Jon Dudkowski (14 episodes, 2008-2010)

Luyen H. Vu (10 episodes, 2009-2010)

Scott Vickrey (7 episodes, 2008-2009)

Timothy A. Good (7 episodes, 2010-2011)

Tanya M. Swerling (5 episodes, 2008-2009)

Henk Van Eeghen (4 episodes, 2009-2010)

Michelle Tesoro (3 episodes, 2010)

 

Series Casting by

April Webster (24 episodes, 2008-2010)

Sara Isaacson (22 episodes, 2010-2011)

Ross Meyerson (14 episodes, 2008-2010)

Julie Tucker (14 episodes, 2008-2010)

Cindy Tolan (7 episodes, 2008)

 

Series Production Design by

Ian D. Thomas (44 episodes, 2009-2011)

Steven J. Jordan (14 episodes, 2008-2010)

Anne Stuhler (6 episodes, 2008)

Carol Spier (2 episodes, 2008)

 

Series Art Direction by

Peter Andringa (17 episodes, 2009-2010)

Randall Richards (3 episodes, 2008)

Roswell Hamrick (2 episodes, 2008)

 

Series Set Decoration by

Beth Kushnick (20 episodes, 2008-2010)

Louise Roper (20 episodes, 2009-2010)

Justin Papp (18 episodes, 2008-2009)

Bobbi Allyn (3 episodes, 2010)

 

Series Costume Design by

Jenni Gullett (23 episodes, 2009-2010)

Marie Abma (20 episodes, 2008-2010)

Joanna Brett (2 episodes, 2008)

 

Series Makeup Department

Ian C. Ballard.... department head hair / department head hair stylist / ... (23 episodes, 2009-2010)

Kymbra C. Kelley.... makeup department head / department head make-up (20 episodes, 2008-2010)

Dana Hamel.... department head make-up / department head makeup (20 episodes, 2009-2010)

Kymbra Callaghan.... makeup department head (18 episodes, 2008-2009)

Anne-Michelle Radcliffe.... hair department head / department head hair (16 episodes, 2008-2010)

Todd Masters.... special effects makeup designer / special effects makeup / ... (16 episodes, 2009-2010)

Stephen Kelley.... makeup effects designer / special makeup effects artist (8 episodes, 2008-2009)

Calla Syna Dreyer.... assistant makeup artist / department head makeup / ... (8 episodes, 2009-2010)

Amanda Kuryk.... assistant makeup artist / first assistant makeup artist / ... (8 episodes, 2010)

Louie Zakarian.... special makeup effects artist / special effects makeup designer (7 episodes, 2009-2010)

Stephen G. Bishop.... department head hair (4 episodes, 2008)

Rachel Griffin.... special makeup effects artist / makeup artist (4 episodes, 2010)

Andy Clement.... special makeup effects designer/creator (2 episodes, 2009)

Craig Lindberg.... additional makeup effects (2 episodes, 2009)

Lancel Reyes.... special makeup effects artist (2 episodes, 2009)

Kathleen P. Campbell.... first assistant hair stylist (2 episodes, 2010)

Mariah Crawley.... second assistant hair stylist (2 episodes, 2010)

Angela Wood.... first assistant makeup artist (2 episodes, 2010)

  

Neil Morrill.... special makeup effects artist (unknown episodes)

 

Series Production Management

Robert M. Williams Jr..... unit production manager (36 episodes, 2008-2010)

Andrew Balek.... post-production supervisor (28 episodes, 2008-2010)

John Klump.... post-production supervisor (23 episodes, 2008-2010)

Vladimir Stefoff.... production manager (20 episodes, 2009-2010)

Amanda Lencioni.... post-production supervisor (14 episodes, 2009-2010)

Dana J. Kuznetzkoff.... unit production manager / unit production manager: NY (6 episodes, 2008)

Brian Moraga.... post-production supervisor (6 episodes, 2010)

April Nocifora.... post-production supervisor (6 episodes, 2010)

Michael C. Young.... production manager (3 episodes, 2009)

Jill Risk.... post-production supervisor (3 episodes, 2010)

Daniel Rodriguez.... post-production supervisor (2 episodes, 2008)

 

Series Second Unit Director or Assistant Director

Brian Giddens.... first assistant director (11 episodes, 2009-2010)

Warren Hanna.... second assistant director (11 episodes, 2009-2010)

Vadim Epstein.... second second assistant director (10 episodes, 2009)

Brent Crowell.... first assistant director: second unit / first assistant director (9 episodes, 2009-2010)

Greg Zenon.... first assistant director (9 episodes, 2009-2010)

Amy Lynn.... second assistant director (8 episodes, 2008-2009)

Gary S. Rake.... first assistant director (8 episodes, 2008-2009)

David R. Baron.... second assistant director (8 episodes, 2009-2010)

Patrick Mangan.... second assistant director (7 episodes, 2008-2010)

Marcos González Palma.... second assistant director: second unit / second second assistant director (7 episodes, 2008-2009)

Colin MacLellan.... first assistant director (7 episodes, 2008-2009)

Thomas Tobin.... assistant director: second unit / second second assistant director (7 episodes, 2008)

Cole Boughton.... trainee assistant director (7 episodes, 2009-2010)

Tim Whyte.... second second assistant director / third assistant director / ... (7 episodes, 2009-2010)

Joshua Lucido.... dga trainee (6 episodes, 2008)

Tammy Tamkin.... second assistant director: second unit / third assistant director: second unit (6 episodes, 2009-2010)

Sarah Rae Garrett.... second assistant director / second assistant director: NY (5 episodes, 2008-2009)

Christo Morse.... first assistant director (3 episodes, 2008)

John E. Gallagher.... first assistant director (3 episodes, 2009-2010)

Karin Behrenz.... third assistant director (2 episodes, 2010)

Katherine Keizer.... second assistant director (2 episodes, 2010)

  

Adam Bocknek.... third assistant director (unknown episodes)

Patrick Murphy.... third assistant director (unknown episodes)

 

Series Art Department

Gavin De West.... assistant property master / on-set props (26 episodes, 2009-2011)

Michael Love.... props / props buyer (23 episodes, 2009-2010)

Robert K. Smith.... property master (23 episodes, 2009-2010)

John Wilcox.... paint coordinator (23 episodes, 2009-2010)

Justin Papp.... on-set dresser (20 episodes, 2008-2010)

Kaem Coughlin.... camera scenic artist (20 episodes, 2008-2009)

Judy Gurr.... assistant set decorator (20 episodes, 2008-2009)

Emily Gaunt.... charge scenic artist (19 episodes, 2008-2009)

Anya Lebow.... set dresser (19 episodes, 2008-2009)

Bentley Wood.... on-set property assistant / first property assistant / ... (19 episodes, 2008-2009)

Paula R. Montgomery.... set decoration buyer (16 episodes, 2009-2010)

Theresa Gonzalez.... scenic industrial (13 episodes, 2008-2009)

Michael D. Harrell.... assistant property master (13 episodes, 2008-2009)

Matthew Rignanese.... art department (13 episodes, 2008-2009)

Peter Gelfman.... property master (12 episodes, 2008-2009)

Robin McAllister.... assistant property master (12 episodes, 2008-2009)

Natalie N. Dorset.... property master / props (10 episodes, 2008-2010)

Robert Zorella.... art department coordinator (10 episodes, 2008)

Jeremy Rosenstein.... assistant art director (9 episodes, 2008-2009)

Holly Watson.... graphic artist (9 episodes, 2008)

Kyle Salvatore.... assistant property master (8 episodes, 2009)

Robert Ludemann.... additional graphic artist (7 episodes, 2008-2009)

Michael Dundas.... scenic artist (7 episodes, 2009)

Victoria Stewart.... art department assistant (6 episodes, 2008)

Clare Davis.... construction coordinator (6 episodes, 2009-2010)

Eliza Hooker.... set dresser (6 episodes, 2010)

Sylvia Trapanese.... scenic foreman (5 episodes, 2008)

Vincent Accardi.... construction coordinator (4 episodes, 2008)

William Stenzel.... construction foreman (4 episodes, 2008)

Tara Boccia.... props (4 episodes, 2009)

Kevin L. Raper.... additional graphic artist (3 episodes, 2009)

James V. Kent.... assistant property master (2 episodes, 2008)

Lisa Kent.... assistant set decorator (2 episodes, 2008)

Randall Richards.... assistant art director (2 episodes, 2008)

Cathie Hahnel.... graphic artist / graphic design: art department (2 episodes, 2009-2010)

Tessa Brophy.... art department coordinator (2 episodes, 2009)

Chris Andreas.... set decorating coordinator (2 episodes, 2010)

Alistair Bell.... carpenter (2 episodes, 2010)

Todd Brooks.... buyer (2 episodes, 2010)

Lisa Canzi.... art department coordinator (2 episodes, 2010)

Sierra Laflamme.... on-set dresser (2 episodes, 2010)

Bob Levesque.... assistant property master (2 episodes, 2010)

Sergio Mattei.... lead dresser (2 episodes, 2010)

Mark Morgan.... lead dresser (2 episodes, 2010)

Eric Partridge.... props (2 episodes, 2010)

Brent Russell.... assistant set decorator (2 episodes, 2010)

Rob Schwenk.... foreman (2 episodes, 2010)

Jerry Staar.... assistant props (2 episodes, 2010)

 

Series Sound Department

Rick Norman.... re-recording mixer / sound re-recording mixer (26 episodes, 2009-2010)

Thomas A. Harris.... supervising sound editor (23 episodes, 2008-2010)

Eric Batut.... sound mixer (23 episodes, 2009-2010)

Paul Curtis.... supervising sound editor (23 episodes, 2009-2010)

Bruce Tanis.... sound effects designer / sound effects editor / ... (23 episodes, 2009-2010)

Larry Hoff.... sound mixer (20 episodes, 2008-2010)

Kyle Billingsley.... foley mixer (20 episodes, 2008-2009)

Michael Ferdie.... sound editor (20 episodes, 2008-2009)

Nick Neutra.... foley supervisor (20 episodes, 2008-2009)

Tom E. Dahl.... sound re-recording mixer / re-recording mixer (19 episodes, 2008-2009)

Mark D. Fleming.... sound re-recording mixer / re-recording mixer (19 episodes, 2008-2009)

David Long.... audio layback (18 episodes, 2008-2009)

Mark Hensley.... re-recording mixer (17 episodes, 2009-2010)

Deron Street.... first assistant sound editor (16 episodes, 2008-2010)

Michael Fowler.... adr recordist (16 episodes, 2008-2009)

Cynthia Merrill.... foley artist (16 episodes, 2008-2009)

Douglas Murray.... adr mixer (16 episodes, 2008-2009)

Jason Oliver.... adr mixer / sound recordist (13 episodes, 2008-2010)

Gabrielle Gilbert Reeves.... dialogue editor (12 episodes, 2008-2009)

Bob Kellough.... sound effects editor (12 episodes, 2008-2009)

Mark DeSimone.... adr mixer: New York (11 episodes, 2008-2009)

Beauxregard Neylon.... adr mixer (11 episodes, 2008-2009)

Daniel Brennan.... adr mixer (8 episodes, 2008-2009)

Christopher B. Reeves.... dialogue editor (7 episodes, 2008-2009)

John Guentner.... foley cueing / foley mixer assistant (7 episodes, 2009)

Brian Harman.... re-recording mixer / sound re-recording mixer (7 episodes, 2010)

Stephen Fitzmaurice.... adr mixer (5 episodes, 2008-2010)

Steffan Falesitch.... sound editor (5 episodes, 2008-2009)

Scott Cannizzaro.... adr mixer (5 episodes, 2009-2010)

Daniel McIntosh.... sound mixer: tandem unit (4 episodes, 2008)

Amanda Jacques.... utility (3 episodes, 2008-2009)

Noah Timan.... additional sound mixer (3 episodes, 2008-2009)

Richard Partlow.... foley artist (3 episodes, 2009-2010)

Mark Allen.... sound effects editor (3 episodes, 2010)

Shelley Roden.... foley artist (3 episodes, 2010)

James Bailey.... foley artist (2 episodes, 2008)

Paul Tirone.... adr mixer / adr recordist (2 episodes, 2008)

Marc Meyer.... sound effects editor (2 episodes, 2009-2010)

Bobby Roelofs.... sound utility (2 episodes, 2009)

Steven J. Rogers.... production sound mixer: second unit / sound: second unit (2 episodes, 2009)

Danny Duperrault.... boom operator (2 episodes, 2010)

Eric Justen.... sound re-recording mixer (2 episodes, 2010)

  

Sean Paul Armstrong.... second boom operator (unknown episodes)

Alan Zielonko.... boom operator (unknown episodes)

 

Series Special Effects by

Bob Comer.... special effects coordinator (23 episodes, 2009-2010)

Douglas W. Beard.... special effects designer (20 episodes, 2009-2010)

Conrad V. Brink Jr..... special effects coordinator (14 episodes, 2008-2010)

Harry Tomsic.... fabricator/welder (2 episodes, 2010)

 

Series Visual Effects by

Jay Worth.... visual effects supervisor: Los Angeles / visual effects supervisor / ... (43 episodes, 2008-2010)

Chris Wright.... visual effects producer (39 episodes, 2008-2010)

Rodrigo Dorsch.... digital compositor: Zoic Studios / lead compositor: Zoic Studios (35 episodes, 2008-2010)

Lee Gabel.... matchmove artist / match move artist / ... (34 episodes, 2008-2010)

Davy Nethercutt.... digital compositor (31 episodes, 2008-2010)

Johnathan R. Banta.... lead compositor / digital compositor / ... (29 episodes, 2008-2010)

Robert Habros.... visual effects supervisor: Vancouver (23 episodes, 2009-2010)

Christopher Scollard.... visual effects supervisor / visual effects supervisor: New York / ... (20 episodes, 2008-2010)

Jake Braver.... visual effects assistant / additional visual effects supervisor (20 episodes, 2008-2009)

Christopher Lance.... digital compositor: CoSA VFX (16 episodes, 2009-2010)

Tom Mahoney.... digital compositor: CoSA VFX (16 episodes, 2009-2010)

David Beedon.... digital effects artist: CoSA VFX (15 episodes, 2009-2010)

Jon Tanimoto.... digital compositor: CoSA VFX (15 episodes, 2009-2010)

Paul Le Blanc.... computer graphics playback (14 episodes, 2008-2009)

Michael Kirylo.... lead cgi artist (13 episodes, 2008-2009)

Jason Sax.... visual effects coordinator (11 episodes, 2010)

Scott Dewis.... cgi supervisor: Race Rocks Digital / CGI supervisor: Race Rocks Digital [ca] (10 episodes, 2008)

Ben Campanaro.... compositor: Eden FX / rotoscope artist: Eden FX (9 episodes, 2009-2010)

Stefan Bredereck.... visual effects compositor: EdenFX / visual effects and animation: EdenFX / ... (8 episodes, 2009-2010)

Ido Banai.... digital compositor (7 episodes, 2008)

Fred Pienkos.... digital compositor (7 episodes, 2009-2010)

Eric Hance.... visual effects artist (6 episodes, 2009-2010)

Edward M. Ruiz II.... digital compositor: Eden FX / rotoscope artist: Eden FX / ... (6 episodes, 2010)

Andrew Orloff.... vfx supervisor: Zoic Studios (5 episodes, 2008-2009)

Dave Zeevalk.... digital effects artist / digital artist: Zoic Studios (5 episodes, 2008-2009)

Stephen W. Pugh.... visual effects producer: EdenFX (5 episodes, 2009)

Ilan Gabai.... digital effects artist (4 episodes, 2008-2009)

Matt Rosenfeld.... lighting lead / visual effects artist (4 episodes, 2008-2009)

Craig Edwards.... digital effects artist: EdenFX (4 episodes, 2009-2010)

Adica Manis.... visual effects producer: Pixomondo (4 episodes, 2010)

Ricardo Nadu.... rigger: Zoic Studios (3 episodes, 2008)

Lars Simkins.... visual effects artist / matte artist (3 episodes, 2009-2010)

Eric Haas.... digital effects artist: EdenFX (3 episodes, 2009)

John Karner.... visual effects (3 episodes, 2009)

Jeffrey I. Kaplan.... visual effects artist: Eden FX (3 episodes, 2010)

Jesse Siglow.... compositor (2 episodes, 2008-2009)

Charles Bunnag.... digital matte artist (2 episodes, 2008)

Marlon Perez.... digital artist (2 episodes, 2008)

Levi Ahmu.... visual effects artist (2 episodes, 2009)

Tim Matney.... matte painter (2 episodes, 2009)

Matthew Collorafice.... digital compositor (2 episodes, 2010)

Charles Collyer.... digital compositor (2 episodes, 2010)

Jason Hearne.... visual effects artist (2 episodes, 2010)

Mark Hennessy-Barrett.... visual effects artist (2 episodes, 2010)

Scott Kingston.... visual effects producer (2 episodes, 2010)

Chris Montesano.... visual effects artist (2 episodes, 2010)

Jose Perez.... visual effects artist (2 episodes, 2010)

John J. Renzulli.... digital compositor (2 episodes, 2010)

Derek Serra.... visual effects artist (2 episodes, 2010)

John Vanderbeck.... digital compositor (2 episodes, 2010)

  

Kristen Branan.... head of production: Zoic Studios (unknown episodes)

Jon Dudkowski.... visual effects editor (unknown episodes)

Joseph Ngo.... systems administrator (unknown episodes)

Ricardo Quintero.... digital compositor (unknown episodes)

Tefft Smith.... digital artist (unknown episodes)

Sean Tompkins.... visual effects coordinator (unknown episodes)

 

Series Stunts

Shauna Duggins.... stunt coordinator / stunt double: Anna Torv (21 episodes, 2008-2010)

Mike Mitchell.... stunt coordinator (20 episodes, 2009-2010)

Mike Burke.... stunt driver / stunt double / ... (8 episodes, 2008-2009)

David Shumbris.... stunts / stunt double (6 episodes, 2008-2009)

Roy Farfel.... stunt driver (5 episodes, 2008-2009)

Maja Stace-Smith.... stunt double: Anna Torv / stunt performer: nurse (5 episodes, 2010)

Jared Burke.... stunt double / stunts (4 episodes, 2008-2009)

Joanne Lamstein.... stunt performer / stunt double: Blair Brown / ... (4 episodes, 2008-2009)

Ian Mclaughlin.... key stunt rigger / stunt double / ... (4 episodes, 2008-2009)

Luis Moco.... stunt performer (4 episodes, 2008-2009)

Gene Harrison.... stunts / stunt performer (3 episodes, 2008-2009)

Donald John Hewitt.... stunts (3 episodes, 2008-2009)

Cort Hessler.... stunt coordinator / stunts (3 episodes, 2009)

Rick Pearce.... stunt coordinator (3 episodes, 2010)

Caroline Leppanen.... stunt double / stunts (2 episodes, 2008-2009)

Christopher Place.... stunt double / stunts (2 episodes, 2008-2009)

Rob Hayter.... stunt double: Stephen McHattie / stunt performer (2 episodes, 2009-2010)

Chad Hessler.... stunts (2 episodes, 2009)

Chad Sayn.... stunt rigger (2 episodes, 2009)

Atlin Mitchell.... stunt double: Anna Torv (2 episodes, 2010)

  

Bryan Renfro.... stunt driver (unknown episodes, 2008)

Jere Gillis.... stunt driver (unknown episodes)

Blair Johannes.... stunt double: Mark Valley (unknown episodes)

Danny Lima.... stunts (unknown episodes)

John MacDonald.... stunt performer (unknown episodes)

Ken Quinn.... stunt coordinator (unknown episodes)

Branko Racki.... stunt performer (unknown episodes)

Robert Racki.... utility stunts (unknown episodes)

Steve 'Shack' Shackleton.... stunt driver (unknown episodes)

Al Vrkljan.... stunt driver (unknown episodes)

 

Series Camera and Electrical Department

David S. Warner.... gaffer (25 episodes, 2009-2010)

David J. Dawson.... key grip (23 episodes, 2009-2010)

Scott Wallace.... video playback operator (23 episodes, 2009-2010)

Philip Gleason.... video playback operator (20 episodes, 2008-2010)

Tim Guinness.... gaffer (20 episodes, 2008-2010)

Cesar Baptista.... dolly grip (20 episodes, 2008-2009)

Christopher Tammaro.... camera operator: "a" camera (20 episodes, 2009-2010)

Sal Lanza.... key grip (18 episodes, 2008-2010)

Denny Kortze.... second assistant camera: "a" camera / first assistant camera: 2nd unit / ... (17 episodes, 2008-2009)

Jeff Muhlstock.... camera operator / steadicam operator / ... (17 episodes, 2008-2009)

Ed Nessen.... first assistant camera: "b" camera (17 episodes, 2008-2009)

Meg Kettell.... second assistant camera: "b" camera (16 episodes, 2008-2009)

Andre Gheorghiu.... motion picture video coordinator (15 episodes, 2009-2010)

Mark Lunn.... assistant camera / first assistant camera / ... (15 episodes, 2009-2010)

Prem Marimuthu.... lighting technician (14 episodes, 2009-2010)

Tim McAuliffe.... rigging gaffer (13 episodes, 2008-2009)

Jon Jovellanos.... best boy grip: second unit (13 episodes, 2009-2010)

Ryan McMaster.... director of photography: second unit (13 episodes, 2009-2010)

Andrew Priestley.... first assistant camera (12 episodes, 2008-2009)

Max Torroba.... computer/video playback coordinator / playback coordinator (9 episodes, 2009-2010)

Edward Hohman.... dolly grip: 2nd unit (7 episodes, 2009)

Ted Goodwin.... electric / grip (6 episodes, 2008)

Nick Maczka.... grip (6 episodes, 2009)

Chris Drechsler.... lighting technician (5 episodes, 2008-2009)

Michael Fuchs.... camera production assistant (5 episodes, 2008-2009)

Steve Drellich.... camera operator: "b" camera (5 episodes, 2008)

Andrew Voegeli.... b camera / steadicam operator (5 episodes, 2009)

Saade Mustafa.... second unit: camera operator (4 episodes, 2008-2009)

Peter McEntyre.... rigging gaffer (4 episodes, 2008)

Lou Gruzelier.... steadicam operator / Steadicam operator / ... (4 episodes, 2009-2010)

Stephen Girouard.... grip (4 episodes, 2009)

Daniel Luebke.... electrician (4 episodes, 2009)

Jacob Bond.... lighting technician (4 episodes, 2010)

Phil Oetiker.... camera operator (3 episodes, 2008-2009)

Donald Russell.... additional camera operator / camera operator: second unit (3 episodes, 2009)

Edward Herrera.... camera production assistant (2 episodes, 2008)

Douglas Pellegrino.... additional camera operator (2 episodes, 2008)

Virgile Dean.... grip (2 episodes, 2009-2010)

Doug Brantner.... lighting technician (2 episodes, 2009)

David A. Erickson.... electrician (2 episodes, 2009)

Christopher B. Green.... first assistant camera / first assistant camera: "b" camera (2 episodes, 2009)

Pieter Reyneke.... lighting technician (2 episodes, 2009)

Daniel D. Sariano.... assistant camera (2 episodes, 2009)

Jennifer Scarlata.... electrician (2 episodes, 2009)

John C. Walker.... camera trainee (2 episodes, 2009)

Bruce Crawford.... best boy grip (2 episodes, 2010)

Nazim Edeer.... second assistant camera: "b" camera (2 episodes, 2010)

Katie Matheson.... loader (2 episodes, 2010)

Craig Munroe.... dolly grip: "a" camera (2 episodes, 2010)

Geoff Preston.... lamp operator (2 episodes, 2010)

Tobias Sarin.... first assistant camera: "b" camera (2 episodes, 2010)

Kevin Stachow.... generator operator (2 episodes, 2010)

Chris Stigter.... rigging gaffer (2 episodes, 2010)

James Warner.... best boy (2 episodes, 2010)

Mark Weinhaupl.... second assistant camera: "a" camera (2 episodes, 2010)

Jason Tidsbury.... light balloon technician (2 episodes, 2011)

  

Darren Spriet.... camera loader (unknown episodes)

Dean Stinchcombe.... first assistant camera (unknown episodes)

John Sztejnmiler.... generator operator (unknown episodes)

Franco Tata.... gaffer (unknown episodes)

 

Series Casting Department

Stephanie R. Hunter.... extras casting associate (19 episodes, 2008-2009)

April Webster.... original casting (18 episodes, 2008-2010)

Corinne Clark.... casting: Canada (17 episodes, 2009-2010)

Jennifer Page.... casting: Canada (17 episodes, 2009-2010)

Tiffany Moon.... extras casting director (16 episodes, 2008-2009)

Maria Higgins.... casting associate (13 episodes, 2008-2010)

Sara Isaacson.... casting associate (9 episodes, 2009-2010)

Rori Bergman.... casting associate (7 episodes, 2008)

Jaye Riske.... casting associate (6 episodes, 2009-2010)

Michelle Allen.... casting: Canada (6 episodes, 2009)

Luis Sanchez-Cañete.... extras casting / extras casting director (4 episodes, 2008)

 

Series Costume and Wardrobe Department

Heather Rupert.... costume dyer/breakdown (21 episodes, 2009-2010)

Audrey Wong.... costume set supervisor / set supervisor (19 episodes, 2009-2010)

Careen Fowles.... costume supervisor (16 episodes, 2008-2009)

Danielle Rice.... costume department intern (15 episodes, 2008-2009)

Kurtis Reeves.... prep costumer/buyer (14 episodes, 2009-2010)

Jessica Pitcairn.... costume coordinator (11 episodes, 2008-2009)

Amela Baksic.... assistant costume designer (10 episodes, 2008-2009)

Rachel Leek.... key costumer (8 episodes, 2008-2009)

Carmia Marshall.... key costumer / set costumer (8 episodes, 2008-2009)

Stephani Lewis.... costume coordinator (8 episodes, 2008)

Lisa Padovani.... associate costume designer (5 episodes, 2008-2009)

Debbe DuPerrieu.... set costumer (4 episodes, 2009-2010)

Thomas M. Smalley.... additional wardrobe (4 episodes, 2009)

Tina Ulee.... second costumer (4 episodes, 2009)

Natalie Arango.... key set costumer (3 episodes, 2008)

Shane Deschamps.... costume supervisor / set costumer (3 episodes, 2009)

Barrett Hong.... wardrobe supervisor (3 episodes, 2009)

Derek Moreno.... set costumer (2 episodes, 2008)

Jessica Costa.... costume coordinator (2 episodes, 2010)

Kevin Knight.... assistant costume designer (2 episodes, 2010)

Clare McLaren.... truck costumer (2 episodes, 2010)

Maria Waterman.... background costumer (2 episodes, 2010)

  

Nadia 'Sunny' Sorge.... background costume supervisor: pilot episode (unknown episodes)

 

Series Editorial Department

Tyson Hilgenberg.... post-production coordinator (39 episodes, 2008-2010)

Chad Rubel.... assistant editor / first assistant editor (19 episodes, 2008-2010)

Elizabeth Barnette.... assistant editor (7 episodes, 2009-2010)

Jennifer Van Goethem.... assistant editor (7 episodes, 2009-2010)

Lisa De Moraes.... assistant editor (6 episodes, 2008-2010)

Joshua Alan Baca.... online editor (5 episodes, 2008-2009)

Luyen H. Vu.... assistant editor (5 episodes, 2008-2009)

 

Series Music Department

Charles Scott IV.... music supervisor (63 episodes, 2008-2011)

Paul Apelgren.... music editor (44 episodes, 2008-2010)

J.J. Abrams.... composer: main title theme / composer: theme music (43 episodes, 2008-2010)

Billy Gottlieb.... music supervisor (41 episodes, 2008-2010)

Stephen M. Davis.... music editor (20 episodes, 2008-2010)

Chad Seiter.... composer: additional music (19 episodes, 2008-2009)

Chris Tilton.... composer: additional music (10 episodes, 2009)

Dan Wallin.... score engineer (6 episodes, 2008)

Michael Aarvold.... music scoring mixer (2 episodes, 2009)

 

Series Transportation Department

Larry Tardif.... transportation captain / camera car driver (8 episodes, 2009-2010)

Mike Zosiuk.... transportation security captain (5 episodes, 2010)

  

Gord Bettles.... picture car mechanic (unknown episodes)

 

Series Other crew

Andrew Kramer.... main title design / title designer / ... (40 episodes, 2008-2010)

Mindy Stevenson.... accounting auditor (34 episodes, 2008-2010)

Amy D'Alessandro.... titles / titles by (31 episodes, 2008-2010)

Cole Boughton.... key production assistant / production assistant (22 episodes, 2009-2010)

Scott Walden.... location manager (22 episodes, 2009-2010)

Nathaniel Moher.... assistant production coordinator / second assistant production coordinator (22 episodes, 2010-2011)

Graham Roland.... executive story editor (22 episodes, 2010-2011)

Yuell Newsome.... stock librarian (20 episodes, 2008-2009)

Diego Daniel Pardo.... on set dialect coach (19 episodes, 2008-2009)

Erika Goldfarb.... assistant production office coordinator (18 episodes, 2008-2009)

Bill Burns.... location scout (18 episodes, 2009-2010)

Jeffrey A. Brown.... assistant location manager (17 episodes, 2008-2009)

Talia Mayer.... location coordinator (17 episodes, 2008-2009)

Kerry Roberts.... payroll accountant (17 episodes, 2008-2009)

Lynn H. Powers.... location manager (16 episodes, 2008-2010)

Rob Coleman.... location scout (16 episodes, 2008-2009)

Rachel A. Gibson.... assistant accountant (16 episodes, 2008-2009)

Justin Kron.... location scout (16 episodes, 2008-2009)

Amy Meisner.... set production assistant / staff production assistant / ... (16 episodes, 2008-2009)

Matthew H. Wiesner.... location scout (16 episodes, 2008-2009)

Suzanne Clements-Smith.... assistant accountant (16 episodes, 2009-2010)

Shabazz Ray.... stand-in: Lance Reddick (15 episodes, 2008-2009)

Krista Huppert.... payroll assistant / payroll: crew (15 episodes, 2009-2010)

Malissa Katrynuk.... location scout (14 episodes, 2009-2010)

Stephen Ananicz.... set production assistant / production assistant (13 episodes, 2008-2009)

Gjustina Dushku.... production assistant (13 episodes, 2008-2009)

Rosa Garces.... second assistant accountant (13 episodes, 2008-2009)

Jesse Hove.... location assistant (13 episodes, 2008-2009)

Colby Knapp.... key second assistant accountant (13 episodes, 2008-2009)

James Parsons.... production assistant (13 episodes, 2008-2009)

Vince Robinette.... production accountant (13 episodes, 2008-2009)

Jamie Vermilye.... location assistant (13 episodes, 2008-2009)

Garnett Humenick.... craft service (13 episodes, 2009-2010)

Tom Teotico.... location scout (13 episodes, 2009-2010)

Dhana Rivera.... production coordinator (12 episodes, 2008-2009)

Nora Zuckerman.... staff writer (12 episodes, 2009-2010)

Josh Arnoudse.... production assistant (11 episodes, 2008-2009)

Ramón Rodríguez.... first accountant / first assistant accountant (11 episodes, 2008-2009)

Alexandra La Roche.... script supervisor (11 episodes, 2009-2010)

Max Torroba.... playback coordinator / computer/video playback coordinator (11 episodes, 2009-2010)

Lindsey Lefkow.... production secretary (10 episodes, 2008-2009)

Bonny Northcott.... trainee assistant location manager / assistant: location manager / ... (10 episodes, 2009-2010)

Sonja Beck Gingerich.... location assistant (9 episodes, 2008-2009)

Christopher M. Lewis.... office production assistant (9 episodes, 2008)

Rachel Connors.... script supervisor (9 episodes, 2009-2010)

Patti Henderson.... script supervisor (9 episodes, 2009-2010)

Shayne A. Wilson.... assistant production coordinator / first assistant production coordinator (9 episodes, 2009-2010)

Chris Farrow.... production assistant (8 episodes, 2008-2009)

Suk Yi Mar.... assistant location manager (8 episodes, 2008-2009)

Jacob Silver.... location unit assistant (8 episodes, 2008)

Tyler Scott.... production assistant (8 episodes, 2010)

Sean Wolput.... key production assistant (8 episodes, 2010)

Joshua Williams.... production assistant (7 episodes, 2008-2009)

Maire Ni Rochain.... production coordinator (7 episodes, 2009-2010)

Michael Bishop.... production assistant (7 episodes, 2009)

Joseph Lombardi.... production accountant (7 episodes, 2009)

Joshua A. Friedman.... production assistant (6 episodes, 2008)

Paul Kahil.... production assistant (6 episodes, 2008)

Michael Bendner.... background coordinator (6 episodes, 2009-2010)

Kymn Brettoner.... production accountant (6 episodes, 2009-2010)

Dan Majkut.... production assistant (6 episodes, 2009)

Joe Proietto.... office production assistant (5 episodes, 2008)

Anita Meehan-Truelove.... production coordinator (5 episodes, 2009-2010)

Steve Loff.... assistant accountant (5 episodes, 2009)

Sean M. Sullivan.... location scout (5 episodes, 2009)

Shawn Wilson.... assistant accountant (5 episodes, 2009)

Imran Yusufzai.... accounting clerk (5 episodes, 2009)

Lilla Zuckerman.... staff writer (5 episodes, 2010)

Jillian Demmerle.... location coordinator (4 episodes, 2008)

Quincy Gow.... production secretary (4 episodes, 2008)

Orit Greenberg.... location scout (4 episodes, 2008)

Liz Magee.... production assistant (4 episodes, 2008)

Lisa Molinaro.... script supervisor (4 episodes, 2008)

Melissa Kalbfus.... script supervisor: 2nd Unit (4 episodes, 2009)

Natalie Lapointe.... assistant: Reid Shane (4 episodes, 2009)

Ryan Steacy.... armorer (4 episodes, 2010)

Christina Cortez.... production assistant / additional production assistant (3 episodes, 2008-2009)

Scotch James Diaz Crisostomo.... payroll accountant (3 episodes, 2008)

Shannon Dennard.... location scout (3 episodes, 2008)

Catherine Gore.... script supervisor (3 episodes, 2008)

John F. Perez Jr..... location production assistant (3 episodes, 2008)

R. Zachary Shildwachter.... production assistant (3 episodes, 2008)

Paul Singh.... location scout (3 episodes, 2008)

Marisa Vrooman.... location scout (3 episodes, 2008)

Nils Widboom.... location scout (3 episodes, 2008)

Justin Doble.... script coordinator (3 episodes, 2009-2010)

Dan Kukkonen.... first assistant accountant (3 episodes, 2009)

Desiree Young.... location scout (3 episodes, 2009)

Robert Chiappetta.... story editor (3 episodes, 2010)

Ethan Gross.... story editor (3 episodes, 2010)

Colleen Reid.... assistant to director (3 episodes, 2010)

Glen Whitman.... story editor (3 episodes, 2010)

Nate Braeuer.... location scout (2 episodes, 2008)

Evan Gabriele.... assistant location manager (2 episodes, 2008)

Damon Michael Gordon.... location manager (2 episodes, 2008)

Corri Hopkins.... location assistant (2 episodes, 2008)

Keith Marlin.... background production assistant (2 episodes, 2008)

Anthony Vincent.... martial arts trainer: Joshua Jackson (2 episodes, 2008)

Devin Taylor.... playback editor (2 episodes, 2009-2010)

Amanda Bayard.... production assistant (2 episodes, 2009)

Michael Consolmagno.... production assistant (2 episodes, 2009)

Shane Lennox.... assistant location manager (2 episodes, 2009)

Loyzo Smolinsky.... production secretary (2 episodes, 2009)

Marina Alstad.... background coordinator (2 episodes, 2010)

Michelle Louise Bartolo.... assistant accountant (2 episodes, 2010)

Stuart Blackie.... office production assistant (2 episodes, 2010)

Jessica Feskun.... trainee assistant location manager (2 episodes, 2010)

Victor Formosa.... production assistant (2 episodes, 2010)

Steven Forster.... chef: Edible Planet (2 episodes, 2010)

Anji Freeland.... payroll: cast/US (2 episodes, 2010)

Jennifer Giannone.... clerk (2 episodes, 2010)

Ingrid Kenning.... script supervisor (2 episodes, 2010)

Tom MacNeill.... stand-in (2 episodes, 2010)

Marion Pejaire.... production assistant (2 episodes, 2010)

Sacha Schaddelee.... assistant chef: Edible Planet (2 episodes, 2010)

Cimone Schelle.... assistant chef: Edible Planet (2 episodes, 2010)

Tiffani Timms.... stand-in (2 episodes, 2010)

Linda Watters.... stand-in (2 episodes, 2010)

Lisa Wilder.... script supervisor (2 episodes, 2010)

  

Magali Boccaccio.... script coordinator (unknown episodes)

Amy Cuthbertson.... production coordinator (unknown episodes)

Stephanie Holinski.... production assistant (unknown episodes)

Andrea Voss.... assistant production coordinator (unknown episodes)

Casey Wallace.... production assistant (unknown episodes)

 

Series Thanks

Oliver Wyman.... special thanks (1 episode, 2010)

  

Shafston House comprises a group of buildings constructed between 1851 and the 1930s, set in substantial grounds with frontage to the Brisbane River. The main house was constructed in several stages between 1851 and 1904.

 

The southern part of Kangaroo Point along the riverfront as far as Norman Creek was surveyed into acreage allotments by James Warner in mid-1850. The Rev. Robert Creyke (Church of England) purchased from the Crown two of these allotments (eastern suburban allotments 44 and 45) containing just over 10¾ acres with frontage to the Brisbane River, just within the Brisbane town boundary. A deed of grant was issued to him in November 1851. On portion 44 he constructed a single-storeyed house that he called Ravenscott. Creyke joined a number of Brisbane's early gentry and pastoralists from the hinterland who, in the 1840s and 1850s, established town estates along the Brisbane River, most of them just outside the official town boundaries. These included Newstead (1846) near Breakfast Creek, Toogoolawah (later Bulimba, 1849-50) across the river from Newstead, Riversdale (now Mowbray Park, early 1850s), Milton (c1852 or 1853) just beyond the western town boundary and Eskgrove (1853) downstream from Shafston and Riversdale.

 

An 1851 sketch of Ravenscott attributed to visiting artist Conrad Martins shows a long, single-storeyed, low-set residence with verandahs and hipped roof, overlooking the Brisbane River. The grounds were mostly cleared and included outbuildings, the whole enclosed by a post and rail fence.

 

In December 1852 Creyke's Kangaroo Point property was transferred to Darling Downs pastoralist and politician Henry Stuart Russell, who in his memoires states that he 'completed' the house and re-named it Shafston, likely after his wife's birthplace in Jamaica. This implies that the core of Shafston House incorporates the earlier Ravenscott. Russell also purchased a number of neighbouring blocks to create a town riverine estate of over 44 acres (17.6 hectares).

 

In April 1854 Russell advertised Shafston for letting or sale. At this time the house, constructed of brick and stone, contained a drawing room and dining room separated by folding doors, five large bedrooms, closets and a roomy pantry. A passage 67 feet long ran nearly the length of the house. Beneath the drawing room was a stone dairy, larder and wine-cellar 8 feet high. There was a verandah 160 feet in length. At the rear, attached via a covered way, was a brick service block, which included a large kitchen (stone flagged), two servants' bedrooms, large laundry, store rooms and offices. Off the laundry was a drying yard enclosed by a paling fence. A large brick outbuilding contained a two-stall stables, coach-house, harness room and 2 grooms' rooms, with a loft over all. Other improvements included a fowl-house, well and a garden of about 3 acres enclosed by a paling fence. The whole property, which comprised approximately 44 acres, was enclosed with a four-rail hardwood fence. Most of the improvements had been made within the previous 18 months (that is, since late 1852 when Russell had acquired the property).

 

Shafston did not sell in 1854 and was offered for sale again in October 1855. By this time Russell had vacated the premises and it was operating as a boarding house. The ground floor comprised 8 rooms, staircase and china closet and had hardwood joists and flooring. There was a verandah front and back, the front verandah being 56 feet long and 10 feet wide, under which there were three spacious cellars. French doors opened onto the front verandah. The dining and drawing rooms were separated by folding doors. The attic contained three rooms, two of which were large enough to make suitable bedrooms 'if required'. This suggests that the 5 bedrooms mentioned in the 1854 advertisement were all located on the ground floor. Attached was a kitchen, servants' rooms and pantry, with a verandah at the front. There was a substantial stable 25 feet by 15 feet.

 

Again the property did not sell. Tenants in the 1850s included Nehemiah Bartley and Brisbane solicitor Daniel Foley Roberts and his family.

 

A sketch of Shafston dated c1858 shows a substantial, single-storeyed house with a front verandah, a high-pitched roof, attic rooms and three dormer windows overlooking the Brisbane River.

 

Title to the estate was transferred to grazier and sugar-grower Louis Hope in October 1859. It appears that Hope did not reside at Shafston. Gilbert Eliot, Speaker of the Queensland Parliament, tenanted Shafston House from 1860 to 1871 and tenants in the 1870s included William Barker of Telemon Station and Dr and Mrs Henry Challinor.

 

In 1875 Hope subdivided the property and in late 1876, during William Barker's tenancy, Shafston House on just over 4 acres (1.6 hectares) of riverfront land was advertised for sale. The house contained 9 rooms on the ground floor and had changed little since 1854: a brick and stone house with a roof of hardwood shingles and iron, drawing room ("the largest and coolest to be found in any private family in this colony"), dining room, five bedrooms, closets, dressing and bath rooms, kitchen and about six servants' apartments, a large brick stable with two stalls, coach-house, man's room and hay-house and galvanised iron and underground water storage tanks. No sale was transacted at this time and in August 1881 the same advertisement was run in the Brisbane Courier.

 

In mid-1883 Shafston House was transferred to Mary Jane Foster, wife of Charles Milne Foster of Brisbane ironmongers Foster and Kelk. Foster had learnt the family ironmongery business in Lincoln, Yorkshire and after emigrating to Queensland he established in Brisbane with his brother-in-law the successful ironmongery firm of Foster and Kelk. The Fosters, who resided at Shafston House until 1896, reputedly remodelled the house in the early 1880s, the architect for this work thought to be former Queensland Colonial Architect, FDG Stanley. The remodelling at this period appears to have included replacing the verandahs in their present form, adding the entry portico and more elaborate and picturesque Gothic detailing. The bay windows also were probably added at this time.

 

In the late 1890s and early 1900s the house was occupied sequentially by tenants EB Bland, manager of the BISN Company; John F McMullen; and William Gray of Webster & Co.

 

By 1903 pastoralist James Henry McConnel of Cressbrook in the Brisbane River Valley, had occupied Shafston House as his family's town house. Title to the property was transferred to him in 1904 and in that year he commissioned noted Brisbane architect Robin Smith Dods to undertake a third renovation of the house. Dods' contribution appears to have been the elaborate timber work in the front hall and the two main public rooms (drawing and dining rooms) and likely the windows in the dormers. His work includes decorative elements like the fireplaces, timber fretwork to the entrance and the cupboard below the stair.

 

Shafston House remained the McConnel home until c1913 and in 1915 it was leased to the Creche and Kindergarten Association as a teacher training centre.

 

In 1919, in the aftermath of the Great War of 1914-1918, the property was acquired by the Commonwealth government and converted into an Anzac Hostel for the care and treatment of totally and permanently incapacitated ex-servicemen. Anzac Hostels were established in most Australian states at this period.

 

At this time the property consisted of the main house, kitchen block, stables and a bush house. The 1919 alterations were extensive. The main house initially served both hostel and administrative functions, with the former drawing room being converted into a ward, the dining room retaining its original function and the bedrooms occupied as nurses room, matron's room, etc. A study and a bedroom at the western end of the house were combined by the removal of a wall to create a recreation room. The attic level, which in 1919 was a single open space, was partitioned into bedrooms for nurses and a box room, with the landing retained as a common room. The kitchen courtyard was roofed and two new rooms were constructed in that space. A timber laundry block was constructed to the south of the kitchen and the stables were converted into orderlies' quarters.

 

To accommodate the returned servicemen a large open-sided ward block was erected in the terraced front grounds to the northeast of the house in 1919, connected to the house via a covered way. This single-storeyed building was high-set on stumps with an attached ablutions block on the eastern side. It demonstrated aspects of public health theory, especially the benefits of fresh air in the recuperative process and in maintaining good health, popular at the time. Theory was translated into practice in a number of government designs for public buildings such as open-sided school blocks and hospital wards in the 1910s and early 1920s.

 

Anzac Hostel received its first patients on 19 July 1920 and functioned as a repatriation hospital until c1969.

 

In the late 1920s and 1930s the Commonwealth subdivided and sold the southern part of the property, reducing the house grounds to just over 2 acres (0.8 hectare). At this time the early brick stables building, which was located on the subdivided land, was demolished and replaced in 1928 by a small timber building constructed to the northwest of the house as quarters for orderlies working at the hostel. This building comprised three rooms and a verandah and toilets at the rear. The 1919 laundry block was moved to a position just east of the kitchen block and a new garage was constructed in the southwest corner of the remaining grounds, near Thorn Street.

 

In 1937 the East Brisbane Postal Depot was constructed for the Postmaster General's Department in the southwest corner of the property, between Thorn Street and the hostel garage. It comprised a single room, 14 feet by 12½ feet. A large 'L'-shaped extension was erected in 1951, for use as a mail sorting room.

 

From 1969 to 1987 the place was occupied by the Royal Australian Air Force. The change in use necessitated a number of alterations to the fabric of the place, including rearrangements of offices, installation of a bar and fire-escapes, upgrading of bathroom facilities, new floor finishes, enclosure of verandahs and the enclosing of the previously open sub-floor in the main house. A garage and store were erected between the ward block and the river. Work to the grounds included new paving, new fences along the street frontages, new street entrances, new driveways, parking areas and tree planting along the Castlebar Street and southern boundaries. By 1981 the main house was used as an administrative headquarters and mess and as offices for the RAAF police; a Movement Control Centre had been established in the ward block; the headquarters of the Queensland Air Training Corps was located in the former kitchen block; the RAAF Public Relations and Photographic Section was accommodated in the garage/former postal depot; and the former orderlies building had been converted into a tavern.

 

In 1978 the cultural heritage significance of Shafston House was recognised by its inclusion in the Commonwealth Register of the National Estate and in the 1980s conservation work carried out on the main house.

 

In 1988 Shafston House was leased to a Brisbane entrepreneur under two consecutive ninety-nine year leases. After failing to gain local government approval for use of the property as a restaurant and function venue, the house was refurbished as a residence. The 1919 laundry was demolished and a new garage constructed adjacent to the early kitchen building. The ward block was refurbished, additional bathrooms installed in the house and changes were made to landscaping.

 

In 1994 the lease was transferred to another entrepreneur and in 1995/96 the property was redeveloped as part of the Shafston International College. The main house was refurbished, with some loss of reconstructed colour schemes, and the link to the kitchen wing enclosed with a new sitting room. Further substantial works were carried out to the grounds and other buildings in the grounds, including enclosure of the open-air ward. A concrete board walk and new retaining walls were installed on the river frontage to Brisbane City Council requirements.

 

The property was converted to freehold title between 1998 and 2002.

 

Source: Queensland Heritage Register.

oil on cardboard 12x12

   

Statues are

 

Selden by J. H. Foley, R.A.

Hampden by J H. Foley. R.A.

Lord Falkland by John Bell.

Lord Clarendon by W. C. Marshall, A.R.A.

Lord Somers by W. C. Marshall, A.R.A.

Sir Robert Walpole by John Bell.

Lord Chatham by P. McDowell, R.A.

Lord Mansfield by E. H. Baily, R.A.

Burke by W. Theed.

Fox by E. H Baily, R.A.

Pitt by P. McDowall, R.A.

Gratten by J. E. Carew.

  

"St Stephen's Hall stands on the site of the royal Chapel of St Stephen's, where the House of Commons sat until the Chapel was destroyed by the fire of 1834.

 

The hall closely matches the dimensions of the old Chapel, being 29 metres (95 feet) long and 9 metres (30 feet) wide. Brass studs in the floor mark the former position of the Speaker's Chair and the Table of the House, and two brass tablets in the wall at the opposite end mark the position of the screen which separated the lobby from the Chamber.

 

St Stephen's Hall was in fact used by the House of Commons on the first day of each session from 1945 to 1950, during the rebuilding of the bombed Commons Chamber. In 1960, the whole Hall was renovated and the war damage repaired.

 

Hall decorations

Statues of famous parliamentarians face one another on either side of the Hall; these include John Hampden, Robert Walpole, William Pitt, Charles James Fox. On either side of the doorways are statues of early Kings and Queens of England.

 

At the east and west ends of the Hall are two large mosaic panels by R. Anning Bell relating to the founding of the earliest Chapel by King Stephen and its rebuilding by Edward III. The mosaic at the west end, unveiled in 1926, portrays Edward III approving the plans for the Chapel and handing them back to his master mason, Michael of Canterbury, with representatives of medieval craftsmen standing beside him. The panel at the east end depicts St Stephen holding a stone, in allusion to his martyrdom, with King Stephen and Edward the Confessor at his sides, and was unveiled a year earlier.

 

The paintings on the walls depict various important events in British history, while the ten stained-glass windows, five on either side, depict the arms of various parliamentary cities and boroughs; these were damaged in air raids during the Second Word War and since restored."

 

www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/a...

 

ukvote100.org/2017/03/01/and-everywhere-she-is-in-chains/

Big East-German card by VEB Progress Film-Vertrieb, Berlin, no. 65/72,1972. Jack Lemmon and Judi West in The Fortune Cookie (Billy Wilder, 1966).

 

Versatile and beloved American actor Jack Lemmon (1925-2001) was a virtuoso in both comedy and drama. He initially acted on TV before moving to Hollywood, cultivating a career that would span decades. Lemmon starred in over 60 films including Some Like It Hot (1959), The Apartment (1960), Irma la Douce (1963), The Odd Couple (1968), Save the Tiger (1973) and Grumpy Old Men (1993). Some of his most beloved performances stemmed from his collaborations with acclaimed director Billy Wilder and with his fellow friend and actor Walter Matthau.

 

Jack Lemmon was born John Uhler Lemmon III in 1925, in an elevator at Newton-Wellesley Hospital in Newton, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. He was the only child of Mildred Lankford Noel and John Uhler Lemmon, Jr., the president of a doughnut company. He later described his flamboyant, authoritarian mother as 'Tallulah Bankhead on a roadshow.' He laughed about how she used to hang out with her girlfriends at the Ritz Bar in Boston and how she tried to have her cremation ashes placed on the bar (the management refused). Jack attended Ward Elementary near his Newton, MA home. At age 9 he was sent to Rivers Country Day School, then located in nearby Brookline. After RCDS, he went to high school at Phillips Andover Academy. Jack Lemmon attended Harvard, where he became president of the Hasty Pudding Club, the university's famous acting club. During WW II, he served in the Naval Reserve and was the communications officer aboard the aircraft carrier USS Lake Champlain CV-39. After serving as a Navy ensign, he worked in a beer hall playing the piano. Then, Lemmon followed his passion for theatre. His father didn't approve of his son taking up acting, but told him he should continue with it only as long as he felt passion for it. Soon, Jack landed small roles on radio, off-Broadway, TV and Broadway. In 1953, he was very successful on Broadway with 'Room Service', after which he went to Hollywood. He signed a contract with Columbia Pictures. His film debut was opposite Judy Holliday in the romantic comedy It Should Happen to You (George Cukor, 1954). He was loaned to Warner Bros. in 1955 for his fourth film. There, he had his breakthrough as Ensign Pulver in the war drama Mister Roberts (John Ford, Mervyn LeRoy, 1955) starring Henry Fonda and James Cagney. His complex portrayal of this somewhat dishonest but sensitive character earned him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Lemmon would go on to work on a number of films with comedian and close friend Ernie Kovacs, including Bell Book and Candle (Richard Quine, 1958) starring James Stewart and Kim Novak. In 1959, Lemmon gave one of the top comedic performances of his career when he starred alongside Tony Curtis and Marilyn Monroe in the romantic comedy Some Like It Hot (Billy Wilder, 1959). He received an Oscar nomination for his role and he did the next year, for The Appartement (Billy Wilder, (1960) in which he co-starred with Shirley MacLaine. This led to several more collaborations with director Billy Wilder and great success on the big screen throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

 

Jack Lemmon also excelled in drama. He received an Oscar nomination for his role as an alcoholic in Days of Wine and Roses (Blake Edwards, 1962) and later followed more nominations for the dramas The China Syndrome (James Bridges, 1979), Tribute (Bob Clark, 1980) and Missing (Costa-Gravas, 1982). Kyle Perez at IMDb: "Sometimes referred to as "America's Everyman", Lemmon's versatility as an actor helped the audience more closely identify and relate to him. He was able always to elicit a laugh or sympathy from his viewers and his charismatic presence always shined on the big screen. He often portrayed the quintessence of an aspiring man and established a lasting impression on the film industry." Lemmon reunited with Shirley MacLaine in another Wilder film, Irma la Douce (Billy Wilder, 1963). It was one of the biggest commercial successes for the trio. The Fortune Cookie (Billy Wilder, 1966) served as the start of a comedic partnership between Lemmon and Walter Matthau and the two would come together again, two years later, for The Odd Couple (Gene Saks, 1968), based on a play by Neil Simon. It is one of their most endearing films together. As the 1970s came around, Lemmon began to undertake more dramatic roles and won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as Harry Stoner in Save the Tiger (John G. Avildsen, 1973). Lemmon admitted to having had a serious drinking problem at one time, which is one reason he looked back on his Oscar-winning role as perhaps the most gratifying, emotionally fulfilling performance of his career. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Lemmon continued to excel in his character performances and earned the Cannes Best Actor award for The China Syndrome (James Bridges, 1979) and Missing (Costa-Gravas, 1982). As a director, he made his film debut with Kotch (Jack Lemmon, 1971) and his Broadway debut with Eugene O'Neill's 'Long Day's Journey into Night'. In 1988 he received the Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute. In the 1990s, he continued to have success with roles in films such as Glengarry Glen Ross (James Foley, 1992) and Short Cuts (Robert Altman, 1993). In the comedy Grumpy Old Men (Donald Petrie, 1993), he was reunited with Walter Matthau. The film was a huge success, and a sequel was even released in 1995. A sequel to The Odd Couple was also released in 1998. In 1997, he received a Golden Globe nomination for the television adaptation of 12 Angry Men (William Friedkin, 1997). Lemmon was married twice, first to actress Cynthia Stone (1950-1956) and his second marriage to actress Felicia Farr lasted from 1972 till his death. Jack Lemmon passed away in 2001 in Los Angeles at the age of 76. He had two children, Chris Lemmon (1954) and Courtney Lemmon (1966). Actress Sydney Lemmon is his granddaughter.

 

Sources: Ed Stephan (IMDb), Kyle Perez (IMDb), Wikipedia (Dutch) and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

Michelin Pilot Challenge

#96 Drivers: Dillon Machavern/Robert Foley

Class: Touring Car (TCR)

Chevrolet Grand Prix Weekend

Canadian Tire Motorsport Park

Turn 8/9 Morning Practice

Bowmanville, Ont

July 12,2024

British postcard by Star-Graphics, no. S 89. Photo: Steve Schapiro. Al Pacino in The Godfather (Francis Ford Coppola, 1972).

 

During the 1970s, American actor Al Pacino (1940) established himself with such films as The Godfather (1972), Serpico (1973), The Godfather: Part II (1974) and Dog Day Afternoon (1975). In the following decades, he became an enduring icon of American cinema. He won the Triple Crown of Acting: an Oscar for Best Actor for Scent of a Woman (1992); a Tony for Best Supporting Actor in the play 'Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie?' (1969) and for Best Actor in the play 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' (1977); and an Emmy for Best Actor in the Miniseries Angels in America (2003).

 

Alfredo James 'Al' Pacino was born in 1940 in Manhattan, New York City, to Italian-American parents, Rose (nee Gerardi) and Sal Pacino, who worked as an insurance agent. His maternal grandfather was born in Corleone, Sicily. His parents divorced when he was two years old. His mother moved them into his grandparents' home in the South Bronx. In his teenage years, Pacino was known as 'Sonny' to his friends. Pacino found himself often repeating the plots and voices of characters he had seen in films. Bored and unmotivated in school, he found a haven in school plays, and his interest soon blossomed into a full-time career. He attended the High School of the Performing Arts until he dropped out at age 17. In 1962, Pacino's mother died at the age of 43. The following year, his grandfather James also died. Starting onstage, he went through a period of depression and poverty, sometimes having to borrow bus fare to succeed in auditions. He made it into the prestigious Actors Studio in 1966, studying under Lee Strasberg, creator of the Method Approach that would become the trademark of many 1970s-era actors. After appearing in a string of plays in supporting roles, Pacino finally attained success off-Broadway with Israel Horovitz's 'The Indian Wants the Bronx', winning an Obie Award for the 1966-1967 season. He was also nominated for a Best Actor Obie for 'Why Is a Crooked Letter' (1966). That was followed by a Tony Award for 'Does the Tiger Wear a Necktie?' Pacino was a longtime member of David Wheeler's Theatre Company of Boston, for which he performed in 'Richard III' in Boston (1972-1973) and at the Cort Theater in New York City (1979). He also appeared in their productions of Bertolt Brecht's 'Aurturo Ui' at the Charles Theater in Boston in 1975 and later in New York and London, and in David Rabe's 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' at the Longacre Theater in New York in 1977. At the age of 29, he made his film debut with a supporting part in Me, Natalie (Fred Coe, 1969) featuring Patty Duke. In 1970, Pacino signed with the talent agency Creative Management Associates (CMA). He gained favourable notice for his first lead role as a heroin addict in The Panic in Needle Park (Jerry Schatzberg, 1971). These first feature films made little departure from the gritty realistic stage performances that earned him respect. Then came the role of Michael Corleone in The Godfather (Francis Ford Coppola, 1972). It was one of the most sought-after of the time: Robert Redford, Warren Beatty, Jack Nicholson, Ryan O'Neal, Robert De Niro and a host of other actors either wanted it or were mentioned. Pacino was rejected repeatedly by studio heads for the role, but Francis Ford Coppola fought for him. Coppola was successful but Pacino was reportedly in constant fear of being fired during the very difficult shoot. Ironically, The Godfather (1972) was a monster hit that earned Pacino his first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. It turned out to be the breakthrough for both Pacino and director Francis Ford Coppola.

 

Instead of taking on easier projects for the big money after this success, Al Pacino threw his support behind what he considered tough but important films. In 1973, Pacino co-starred in Scarecrow (Jerry Schatzberg, 1973), with Gene Hackman, and won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. He also starred in the true-life crime drama Serpico (Sidney Lumet, 1973) and the tragic real-life bank robbery film Dog Day Afternoon (Sidney Lumet, 1975). In between, he returned as Michael Corleone in The Godfather: Part II (Francis Ford Coppola, 1974), the first sequel ever to win the Best Picture Oscar. For these three films, Pacino was nominated three consecutive years for the Best Actor Academy Award. In 1977, he also won his second Tony Award as Best Actor (Play) for 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' (1977). He faltered slightly with Bobby Deerfield (Sydney Pollack, 1977), but regained his stride with ...and justice for all. (Norman Jewison, 1979), for which he received another Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Unfortunately, this would signal the beginning of a decline in his career, which produced flops like the controversial Cruising (William Friedkin, 1980) and the comedy-drama Author! Author! (Arthur Hiller, 1982). Pacino cemented his legendary status with his role as Cuban drug lord Tony Montana in the ultra-violent cult film Scarface (Brian De Palma, 1983. Pedro Borges at IMDb: "A monumental mistake was about to follow. Revolution (Hugh Hudson, 1985) endured an endless and seemingly cursed shoot in which equipment was destroyed, the weather was terrible, and Pacino fell ill with pneumonia. Constant changes in the script further derailed the project. The Revolutionary War-themed film, considered among the worst films ever made, resulted in awful reviews and kept him off the screen for the next four years." Returning to the stage, Pacino did much to give back and contribute to the theatre, which he considers his first love. He directed a film, The Local Stigmatic (1990), but it remains unreleased. He lifted his self-imposed exile playing a hard-drinking policeman in the striking Sea of Love (Harold Becker, 1989), with Ellen Barkin. This marked the second phase of Pacino's career, being the first to feature his now famous dark, owl eyes and hoarse, gravelly voice.

 

Returning to the Corleones, Al Pacino made The Godfather: Part III (Francis Ford Coppola, 1990) and earned raves for his first comedic role in the colourful adaptation Dick Tracy (Warren Beatty, 1990). This earned him another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, and two years later he was nominated for Glengarry Glen Ross (James Foley, 1992). He went into romantic mode for Frankie and Johnny (Garry Marshall, 1991) with Michelle Pfeiffer. In 1992, he finally won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his amazing performance as the blind U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman (Martin Brest, 1992). A mixture of technical perfection and charisma, the role was tailor-made for him, and remains a classic. The next few years would see Pacino becoming more comfortable with acting and films as a business, turning out great roles in great films with more frequency and less of the demanding personal involvement of his wilder days. Carlito's Way (Brian De Palma, 1993) with Sean Penn proved another gangster classic, as did the epic crime drama Heat (Michael Mann, 1995) co-starring Robert De Niro. He directed the theatrical docudrama Looking for Richard (1996), a performance of selected scenes from Shakespeare's Richard III and a broader examination of Shakespeare's continuing role and relevance in popular culture. In Donnie Brasco (Mike Newell, 1997), Pacino played gangster 'Lefty' in the true story of undercover FBI agent Donnie Brasco (Johnny Depp) and his work in bringing down the Mafia from the inside. Pacino played Satan in the supernatural thriller The Devil's Advocate (Taylor Hackford, 1997) which co-starred Keanu Reeves. The film was a success at the box office, taking US$150 million worldwide. He also gave commanding performances in The Insider (Michael Mann, 1999) with Russell Crowe, and Any Given Sunday (Oliver Stone, 1999) opposite Cameron Diaz.

 

Al Pacino co-starred with Hillary Swank and Robin Williams in the mystery thriller Insomnia (Christopher Nolan, 2002), a remake of the Norwegian film of the same name. Pacino starred as Shylock in Michael Radford's film adaptation of The Merchant of Venice (2004), choosing to bring compassion and depth to a character traditionally played as a villainous caricature. In the 2000s, he starred in a number of theatrical blockbusters, including Ocean's Thirteen (Steven Soderbergh, 2007) with George Clooney and Brad Pitt, but his choice in television roles like the vicious, closeted Roy Cohn in the HBO miniseries Angels in America (Tony Kushner, 2003) and his sensitive portrayal of Jack Kevorkian, in the television film You Don't Know Jack (Barry Levinson, 2010), are reminiscent of the bolder choices of his early career. Each television project garnered him an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie. Recently, Pacino starred alongside Brad Pitt and Leonardo DiCaprio in Quentin Tarantino's comedy-drama Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019) and he co-starred with Robert De Niro in Martin Scorsese's Netflix film The Irishman (2019). He will play Meyer Offerman, a fictional Nazi hunter, in the Amazon Video series Hunters. Never wed, Pacino has a daughter, Julie Marie, with acting teacher Jan Tarrant, and a set of twins with former longtime girlfriend Beverly D'Angelo. His romantic history includes Veruschka von Lehndorff, Jill Clayburgh, Debra Winger, Tuesday Weld, Marthe Keller, Carmen Cervera, Kathleen Quinlan, Lyndall Hobbs, Penelope Ann Miller, and a two-decade intermittent relationship with Godfather co-star Diane Keaton. Since 2007, Al Pacino has lived with Argentinian actress Lucila Solá, who is 36 years his junior. In 2007, the American Film Institute awarded Pacino with a lifetime achievement award.

 

Sources: Pedro Borges (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

French postcard by Travelling Editions, Paris, no. CP7. Photo: Al Pacino in Scarecrow (Jerry Schatzberg, 1973).

 

During the 1970s, American actor Al Pacino (1940) established himself with such films as The Godfather (1972), Serpico (1973), The Godfather: Part II (1974) and Dog Day Afternoon (1975). In the following decades, he became an enduring icon of the American cinema. He won the Triple Crown of Acting: an Oscar for Best Actor for Scent of a Woman (1992); a Tony for Best Supporting Actor in the play 'Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie?' (1969) and for Best Actor in the play 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' (1977); and an Emmy for Best Actor in the Miniseries Angels in America (2003).

 

Alfredo James "Al" ' Pacino was born in 1940 in Manhattan, New York City, to Italian-American parents, Rose (nee Gerardi) and Sal Pacino, who worked as an insurance agent. His maternal grandfather was born in Corleone, Sicily. His parents divorced when he was two years old. His mother moved them into his grandparents' home in the South Bronx. In his teenage years, Pacino was known as 'Sonny' to his friends. Pacino found himself often repeating the plots and voices of characters he had seen in films. Bored and unmotivated in school, he found a haven in school plays, and his interest soon blossomed into a full-time career. He attended the High School of the Performing Arts until he dropped out at age 17. In 1962, Pacino's mother died at the age of 43. The following year, his grandfather James also died. Starting onstage, he went through a period of depression and poverty, sometimes having to borrow bus fare to succeed to auditions. He made it into the prestigious Actors Studio in 1966, studying under Lee Strasberg, creator of the Method Approach that would become the trademark of many 1970s-era actors. After appearing in a string of plays in supporting roles, Pacino finally attained success off-Broadway with Israel Horovitz's 'The Indian Wants the Bronx', winning an Obie Award for the 1966-1967 season. He was also nominated for a Best Actor Obie for 'Why Is a Crooked Letter' (1966). That was followed by a Tony Award for 'Does the Tiger Wear a Necktie?' Pacino was a longtime member of David Wheeler's Theatre Company of Boston, for which he performed in 'Richard III' in Boston (1972-1973) and at the Cort Theater in New York City (1979). He also appeared in their productions of Bertolt Brecht's 'Aurturo Ui' at the Charles Theater in Boston in 1975 and later in New York and London, and in David Rabe's 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' at the Longacre Theater in New York in 1977. At the age of 29 he made his film debut with a supporting part in Me, Natalie (Fred Coe, 1969) featuring Patty Duke. In 1970, Pacino signed with the talent agency Creative Management Associates (CMA). He gained favourable notice for his first lead role as a heroin addict in The Panic in Needle Park (Jerry Schatzberg , 1971). These first feature films made little departure from the gritty realistic stage performances that earned him respect. Then came the role of Michael Corleone in The Godfather (Francis Ford Coppola, 1972). It was one of the most sought-after of the time: Robert Redford, Warren Beatty, Jack Nicholson, Ryan O'Neal, Robert De Niro and a host of other actors either wanted it or were mentioned. Pacino was rejected repeatedly by studio heads for the role, but Francis Ford Coppola fought for him. Coppola was successful but Pacino was reportedly in constant fear of being fired during the very difficult shoot. Ironically, The Godfather (1972) was a monster hit that earned Pacino his first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. It turned out to be the breakthrough for both Pacino and director Francis Ford Coppola.

 

Instead of taking on easier projects for the big money after this success, Al Pacino threw his support behind what he considered tough but important films. In 1973, Pacino co-starred in Scarecrow (Jerry Schatzberg, 1973), with Gene Hackman, and won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. He also starred in the true-life crime drama Serpico (Sidney Lumet, 1973) and the tragic real-life bank robbery film Dog Day Afternoon (Sidney Lumet, 1975). In between , he returned as Michael Corleone in The Godfather: Part II (Francis Ford Coppola, 1974), the first sequel ever to win the Best Picture Oscar. For these three films, Pacino was nominated three consecutive years for the Best Actor Academy Award. In 1977, he also won his second Tony Award as Best Actor (Play) for 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' (1977). He faltered slightly with Bobby Deerfield (Sydney Pollack, 1977), but regained his stride with ...and justice for all. (Norman Jewison, 1979), for which he received another Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Unfortunately, this would signal the beginning of a decline in his career, which produced flops like the controversial Cruising (William Friedkin, 1980) and the comedy-drama Author! Author! (Arthur Hiller, 1982). Pacino cemented his legendary status with his role as Cuban drug lord Tony Montana in the ultra-violent cult film Scarface (Brian De Palma, 1983. Pedro Borges at IMDb: "a monumental mistake was about to follow. Revolution (Hugh Hudson, 1985) endured an endless and seemingly cursed shoot in which equipment was destroyed, weather was terrible, and Pacino fell ill with pneumonia. Constant changes in the script further derailed the project. The Revolutionary War-themed film, considered among the worst films ever made, resulted in awful reviews and kept him off the screen for the next four years." Returning to the stage, Pacino did much to give back and contribute to the theatre, which he considers his first love. He directed a film, The Local Stigmatic (1990), but it remains unreleased. He lifted his self-imposed exile playing a hard-drinking policeman in the striking Sea of Love (Harold Becker, 1989), with Ellen Barkin. This marked the second phase of Pacino's career, being the first to feature his now famous dark, owl eyes and hoarse, gravelly voice.

 

Returning to the Corleones, Al Pacino made The Godfather: Part III (Francis Ford Coppola, 1990) and earned raves for his first comedic role in the colorful adaptation Dick Tracy (Warren Beatty, 1990). This earned him another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, and two years later he was nominated for Glengarry Glen Ross (James Foley, 1992). He went into romantic mode for Frankie and Johnny (Garry Marshall, 1991) with Michelle Pfeiffer. In 1992, he finally won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his amazing performance as the blind U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman (Martin Brest, 1992). A mixture of technical perfection and charisma, the role was tailor-made for him, and remains a classic. The next few years would see Pacino becoming more comfortable with acting and films as a business, turning out great roles in great films with more frequency and less of the demanding personal involvement of his wilder days. Carlito's Way (Brian De Palma, 1993) with Sean Penn proved another gangster classic, as did the epic crime drama Heat (Michael Mann, 1995) co-starring Robert De Niro. He directed the theatrical docudrama Looking for Richard (1996), a performance of selected scenes of Shakespeare's Richard III and a broader examination of Shakespeare's continuing role and relevance in popular culture. In Donnie Brasco (Mike Newell, 1997), Pacino played gangster 'Lefty' in the true story of undercover FBI agent Donnie Brasco (Johnny Depp) and his work in bringing down the Mafia from the inside. Pacino played Satan in the supernatural thriller The Devil's Advocate (Taylor Hackford, 1997) which co-starred Keanu Reeves. The film was a success at the box office, taking US$150 million worldwide. He also gave commanding performances in The Insider (Michael Mann, 1999) with Russell Crowe, and Any Given Sunday (Oliver Stone, 1999) opposite Cameron Diaz.

 

Al Pacino co-starred with Hillary Swank and Robin Williams in the mystery thriller Insomnia (Christopher Nolan, 2002), a remake of the Norwegian film of the same name. Pacino starred as Shylock in Michael Radford's film adaptation of The Merchant of Venice (2004), choosing to bring compassion and depth to a character traditionally played as a villainous caricature. In the 2000s, he starred in a number of theatrical blockbusters, including Ocean's Thirteen (Steven Soderbergh, 2007) with George Clooney and Brad Pitt, but his choice in television roles like the vicious, closeted Roy Cohn in the HBO miniseries Angels in America (Tony Kushner, 2003) and his sensitive portrayal of Jack Kevorkian, in the television film You Don't Know Jack (Barry Levinson, 2010), are reminiscent of the bolder choices of his early career. Each television project garnered him an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie. Recently, Pacino starred alongside Brad Pitt and Leonardo DiCaprio in Quentin Tarantino's comedy-drama Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019) and he co-starred with Robert De Niro in Martin Scorsese's Netflix film The Irishman (2019). He will play Meyer Offerman, a fictional Nazi hunter, in the Amazon Video series Hunters. Never wed, Pacino has a daughter, Julie Marie, with acting teacher Jan Tarrant, and a set of twins with former longtime girlfriend Beverly D'Angelo. His romantic history includes Veruschka von Lehndorff, Jill Clayburgh, Debra Winger, Tuesday Weld, Marthe Keller, Carmen Cervera, Kathleen Quinlan, Lyndall Hobbs, Penelope Ann Miller, and a two-decade intermittent relationship with Godfather co-star Diane Keaton. Since 2007, Al Pacino lives with Argentinian actress Lucila Solá, who is 36 years his junior. In 2007, the American Film Institute awarded Pacino with a lifetime achievement award.

 

Sources: Pedro Borges (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

French postcard in the Collection In Cinéma by Editions La Malibran, Paris / Nancy, 1989, no. CA 51. Photo: Al Pacino in Scarecrow (Jerry Schatzberg, 1973).

 

During the 1970s, American actor Al Pacino (1940) established himself with such films as The Godfather (1972), Serpico (1973), The Godfather: Part II (1974) and Dog Day Afternoon (1975). In the following decades, he became an enduring icon of the American cinema. He won the Triple Crown of Acting: an Oscar for Best Actor for Scent of a Woman (1992); a Tony for Best Supporting Actor in the play 'Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie?' (1969) and for Best Actor in the play 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' (1977); and an Emmy for Best Actor in the Miniseries Angels in America (2003).

 

Alfredo James "Al" ' Pacino was born in 1940 in Manhattan, New York City, to Italian-American parents, Rose (nee Gerardi) and Sal Pacino, who worked as an insurance agent. His maternal grandfather was born in Corleone, Sicily. His parents divorced when he was two years old. His mother moved them into his grandparents' home in the South Bronx. In his teenage years, Pacino was known as 'Sonny' to his friends. Pacino found himself often repeating the plots and voices of characters he had seen in films. Bored and unmotivated in school, he found a haven in school plays, and his interest soon blossomed into a full-time career. He attended the High School of the Performing Arts until he dropped out at age 17. In 1962, Pacino's mother died at the age of 43. The following year, his grandfather James also died. Starting onstage, he went through a period of depression and poverty, sometimes having to borrow bus fare to succeed to auditions. He made it into the prestigious Actors Studio in 1966, studying under Lee Strasberg, creator of the Method Approach that would become the trademark of many 1970s-era actors. After appearing in a string of plays in supporting roles, Pacino finally attained success off-Broadway with Israel Horovitz's 'The Indian Wants the Bronx', winning an Obie Award for the 1966-1967 season. He was also nominated for a Best Actor Obie for 'Why Is a Crooked Letter' (1966). That was followed by a Tony Award for 'Does the Tiger Wear a Necktie?' Pacino was a longtime member of David Wheeler's Theatre Company of Boston, for which he performed in 'Richard III' in Boston (1972-1973) and at the Cort Theater in New York City (1979). He also appeared in their productions of Bertolt Brecht's 'Aurturo Ui' at the Charles Theater in Boston in 1975 and later in New York and London, and in David Rabe's 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' at the Longacre Theater in New York in 1977. At the age of 29 he made his film debut with a supporting part in Me, Natalie (Fred Coe, 1969) featuring Patty Duke. In 1970, Pacino signed with the talent agency Creative Management Associates (CMA). He gained favourable notice for his first lead role as a heroin addict in The Panic in Needle Park (Jerry Schatzberg , 1971). These first feature films made little departure from the gritty realistic stage performances that earned him respect. Then came the role of Michael Corleone in The Godfather (Francis Ford Coppola, 1972). It was one of the most sought-after of the time: Robert Redford, Warren Beatty, Jack Nicholson, Ryan O'Neal, Robert De Niro and a host of other actors either wanted it or were mentioned. Pacino was rejected repeatedly by studio heads for the role, but Francis Ford Coppola fought for him. Coppola was successful but Pacino was reportedly in constant fear of being fired during the very difficult shoot. Ironically, The Godfather (1972) was a monster hit that earned Pacino his first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. It turned out to be the breakthrough for both Pacino and director Francis Ford Coppola.

 

Instead of taking on easier projects for the big money after this success, Al Pacino threw his support behind what he considered tough but important films. In 1973, Pacino co-starred in Scarecrow (Jerry Schatzberg, 1973), with Gene Hackman, and won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. He also starred in the true-life crime drama Serpico (Sidney Lumet, 1973) and the tragic real-life bank robbery film Dog Day Afternoon (Sidney Lumet, 1975). In between , he returned as Michael Corleone in The Godfather: Part II (Francis Ford Coppola, 1974), the first sequel ever to win the Best Picture Oscar. For these three films, Pacino was nominated three consecutive years for the Best Actor Academy Award. In 1977, he also won his second Tony Award as Best Actor (Play) for 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' (1977). He faltered slightly with Bobby Deerfield (Sydney Pollack, 1977), but regained his stride with ...and justice for all. (Norman Jewison, 1979), for which he received another Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Unfortunately, this would signal the beginning of a decline in his career, which produced flops like the controversial Cruising (William Friedkin, 1980) and the comedy-drama Author! Author! (Arthur Hiller, 1982). Pacino cemented his legendary status with his role as Cuban drug lord Tony Montana in the ultra-violent cult film Scarface (Brian De Palma, 1983. Pedro Borges at IMDb: "a monumental mistake was about to follow. Revolution (Hugh Hudson, 1985) endured an endless and seemingly cursed shoot in which equipment was destroyed, weather was terrible, and Pacino fell ill with pneumonia. Constant changes in the script further derailed the project. The Revolutionary War-themed film, considered among the worst films ever made, resulted in awful reviews and kept him off the screen for the next four years." Returning to the stage, Pacino did much to give back and contribute to the theatre, which he considers his first love. He directed a film, The Local Stigmatic (1990), but it remains unreleased. He lifted his self-imposed exile playing a hard-drinking policeman in the striking Sea of Love (Harold Becker, 1989), with Ellen Barkin. This marked the second phase of Pacino's career, being the first to feature his now famous dark, owl eyes and hoarse, gravelly voice.

 

Returning to the Corleones, Al Pacino made The Godfather: Part III (Francis Ford Coppola, 1990) and earned raves for his first comedic role in the colorful adaptation Dick Tracy (Warren Beatty, 1990). This earned him another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, and two years later he was nominated for Glengarry Glen Ross (James Foley, 1992). He went into romantic mode for Frankie and Johnny (Garry Marshall, 1991) with Michelle Pfeiffer. In 1992, he finally won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his amazing performance as the blind U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman (Martin Brest, 1992). A mixture of technical perfection and charisma, the role was tailor-made for him, and remains a classic. The next few years would see Pacino becoming more comfortable with acting and films as a business, turning out great roles in great films with more frequency and less of the demanding personal involvement of his wilder days. Carlito's Way (Brian De Palma, 1993) with Sean Penn proved another gangster classic, as did the epic crime drama Heat (Michael Mann, 1995) co-starring Robert De Niro. He directed the theatrical docudrama Looking for Richard (1996), a performance of selected scenes of Shakespeare's Richard III and a broader examination of Shakespeare's continuing role and relevance in popular culture. In Donnie Brasco (Mike Newell, 1997), Pacino played gangster 'Lefty' in the true story of undercover FBI agent Donnie Brasco (Johnny Depp) and his work in bringing down the Mafia from the inside. Pacino played Satan in the supernatural thriller The Devil's Advocate (Taylor Hackford, 1997) which co-starred Keanu Reeves. The film was a success at the box office, taking US$150 million worldwide. He also gave commanding performances in The Insider (Michael Mann, 1999) with Russell Crowe, and Any Given Sunday (Oliver Stone, 1999) opposite Cameron Diaz.

 

Al Pacino co-starred with Hillary Swank and Robin Williams in the mystery thriller Insomnia (Christopher Nolan, 2002), a remake of the Norwegian film of the same name. Pacino starred as Shylock in Michael Radford's film adaptation of The Merchant of Venice (2004), choosing to bring compassion and depth to a character traditionally played as a villainous caricature. In the 2000s, he starred in a number of theatrical blockbusters, including Ocean's Thirteen (Steven Soderbergh, 2007) with George Clooney and Brad Pitt, but his choice in television roles like the vicious, closeted Roy Cohn in the HBO miniseries Angels in America (Tony Kushner, 2003) and his sensitive portrayal of Jack Kevorkian, in the television film You Don't Know Jack (Barry Levinson, 2010), are reminiscent of the bolder choices of his early career. Each television project garnered him an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie. Recently, Pacino starred alongside Brad Pitt and Leonardo DiCaprio in Quentin Tarantino's comedy-drama Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019) and he co-starred with Robert De Niro in Martin Scorsese's Netflix film The Irishman (2019). He will play Meyer Offerman, a fictional Nazi hunter, in the Amazon Video series Hunters. Never wed, Pacino has a daughter, Julie Marie, with acting teacher Jan Tarrant, and a set of twins with former longtime girlfriend Beverly D'Angelo. His romantic history includes Veruschka von Lehndorff, Jill Clayburgh, Debra Winger, Tuesday Weld, Marthe Keller, Carmen Cervera, Kathleen Quinlan, Lyndall Hobbs, Penelope Ann Miller, and a two-decade intermittent relationship with Godfather co-star Diane Keaton. Since 2007, Al Pacino lives with Argentinian actress Lucila Solá, who is 36 years his junior. In 2007, the American Film Institute awarded Pacino with a lifetime achievement award.

 

Sources: Pedro Borges (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

2022: A Year Unlike Any Other

By Andrew J. Karagianis

January 2, 2023

 

You know how there are some years where you just plod along and nothing really happens out of the ordinary, whereas there are other years where you experience something huge and life-changing?

 

My headline story of 2022 is that it’s the year in which I became a father. Definitely life-changing! The year was pretty evenly split into Ally being pregnant for the first half, and our baby’s first almost-six-months in the second half. But, because it’s me, you’re going to get all the minutiae of 2022, and not just a one-paragraph summary. Someone suggested years ago that I try to write a TL;DR version, but that’s not my style. I am a creator, not just a consumer. Plus, now that I have a kid, there’s someone who may be genuinely interested in reading about the details, many years from now.

 

So in light of that, I think it’s no longer appropriate to call this a summary of 2022, but rather, it’s my story of 2022.

 

Ally and I rang in the new year in bed – Get your mind out of the gutter! We had watched a show about Betty White (who died earlier that day), read our books, and went to sleep, only to be awoken by fireworks later.

 

The first song I listened to in 2022 was “You Said It All” by Ozzy Osbourne.

 

I was given the order to work exclusively from home again on January 7th to start January 10th, although it was an internal order rather than a provincial mandate this time. Fine by me!

 

In early January, I started typing a document to my as-yet-unborn child, documenting who their family members were – particularly those who have already died, since knowledge of their lives is fading, as they had the misfortune (or good fortune?) to have lived their lives before the age of the Internet.

 

On the week of January 19th, a local rabbit took up residence in our back yard. I would see him outside sitting by the shed during the day whilst working from home. After a week or two, I noticed I hadn’t seen him for several days, so that was that. Maybe he got evicted from his hole in the ground.

 

Also in January, I started typing a retrospective trip journal for my Europe 2008 trip, because I love writing trip journals but hadn’t started writing them yet back in 2008. In so doing, I realized there were parts of that trip that I didn’t really remember or have photo evidence for, so I got the idea to try to find the Europe 2008 pics that didn’t make it to Flickr in an attempt to fill in the blanks. I got my old 2003 eMac from storage on January 23rd, and fired it up on January 30th. It worked perfectly fine, but I discovered that I had deleted the vast majority of my pictures from that computer several years earlier (I hadn’t even turned the eMac on since 2013). I did find a few salvageable Europe 2008 pics on it, though, so that means it wasn’t a complete dead end. I transferred a handful of them to my red external hard drive via my blue 16GB USB key, and started posting them in a new album on Flickr on January 31st. I also decided I’d go back to the storage unit, because I knew I had also saved those pictures onto CDs (it was the late 2000s, remember). On February 5th, I got them, and started transferring them from the CDs to a USB key via my MacBookPro (which also still works), then plugged the USB key into my iMac, to transfer straight to my red external hard drive. I found lots of pics that I had no memory of taking, so it was neat to see those because it was like they were from a completely different trip. And to my delight, lots of the pics on the CDs were good enough to post online! I posted 26 to Flickr before I got back on track with posting my Europe 2020 pictures.

 

Ally got another ultrasound on January 31st, and she found out the baby’s permanent gender identity. We had talked about not finding out until the baby was born, but I guess curiosity got the better of her. The next day, I cracked, and Ally told me it looks like we’d be having a girl!

 

I’m going to take a few paragraphs to talk about external events now, because the winter of 2022 was pretty bad in that regard, if you recall. From late January into February, libertarian terrorists from the Flu Trux Klan and funded largely by American supporters held Ottawa hostage, in one of the biggest national embarrassments of my lifetime, protesting mandates that were largely Provincial (not Federal) in nature, and meant to save their lives. Remember, lives > jobs. Thankfully, peace, order, and good government prevailed over the American-style mentality of “give me liberty and give them death.”

 

Then within days of the Freedumb Convoy protestors being cleared out, Vladputeen decided to invade Ukraine, wreaking havoc on the global food supply and on my investments, which dropped in value by almost 20% this year. As of today, it still hasn’t escalated to nuclear war, which is remarkable, but I guess time will tell how that plays out.

 

And of course, the Omicron variant continued to rage across the planet, as governments (in Canada at least) gave up on mandates for fear of another armed trucker protest. Thankfully Omicron disease was less lethal than 2021’s Delta variant, but maybe that’s also because so many people have been vaccinated now.

 

Speaking of COVID-19, as I type this, it’s been nearly three years since this whole fiasco began. Remember how at the very end of December 2019, or in the early days of January 2020, you first heard the word “coronavirus”? Yeah. I still haven’t gone to a movie in a theater since December of 2019, or eaten indoors in a restaurant since March of 2020, or taken the TTC since June of 2020. But I did eat at my first family meal since 2019 on Thanksgiving this year, so that was an important step for me. That’s how long it took for me to feel moderately safe taking my mask off around other people who weren’t my wife and child. Remember folks, the virus doesn’t care if you’re family; the virus just sees another human and thinks “Mmm, fresh meat!”

 

Anyway, back to the personal stuff!

 

Throughout the winter, I lifted weights at home as an alternative to walking on the icy sidewalks.

 

In early March, Terrance had a fall and we took him to the vet. He was okay.

 

On March 23rd, we were awoken to the sound of two douchebags breaking into our shed and trying to steal stuff during a pissing rainstorm. Ally yelled at them through the window while I went outside to the front and saw them casually walk away empty-handed.

 

On March 26th, I went planespotting for the first time in an hwhile. On March 28th, I found out that my prediabetes had improved significantly, which I was very happy about. My fasting blood glucose went from 6.6 in September 2021 down to 6.1 in March 2022.

 

… Only to be overshadowed by finding out a few days later that I might have high blood pressure. That worried me throughout April as I kept getting worse results at the pharmacy machines. I got a few readings at my doctor’s office (as high as 161/97), and she referred me to a cardiologist to do some testing first.

 

On April 17th, I started shooting another roll of APS film for the first time since September 2021. It turned out awful. Every picture was blue, or as someone else put it, only the cyan showed up. In spite of this discouraging result, you could tell that the lens was doing its job perfectly well, and so I tried again. I almost became obsessed with APS film in the spring and I even had a dream about it. In fact, 2022 would be the year of film for me. Even though I got back into film photography in 2020, it really took off in 2022. I shot 20 rolls in 2022, and am on roll # 21 right now. That’s far more than I shot in any previous year, and it’s almost as many rolls as I shot during my entire childhood and youth. I also joined a Facebook group for APS film.

 

Sometime around April 20th, I planted a seed from Terrance’s seed mix, and within a few days it had sprouted and started growing quickly. Wanting to keep it safe from tree rats, I put it outside in a big planter and covered it with chicken wire. Over the summer it turned into a long pumpkin vine with nice yellow flowers, but the neighborhood vermin kept biting them off (the flowers on the vine that extended beyond the chicken wire).

 

On May 4th, Ally and I started a 5-week online parenting class hosted by a nurse from St. Joseph’s Hospital. I think I remember the nurse’s mannerisms and way of speaking more than I remember the content of the class, but we met some other first-time-parents-to-be on that class, and swapped Instagram usernames (yes, usernames) with each other.

 

On Monday May 9th, I went to the cardiology clinic to do an echocardiogram and an EKG, and then got my blood pressure checked and it was 111/71! So that was baffling, but good news. Then they hooked up a Holter monitor and I went home to wear it for three days, during which time I couldn’t get a shower. The Holter monitor was pretty painless, but by Tuesday day my chest started itching, as the tech had to shave parts of it in order to stick the electrodes on. I ripped it all off on Thursday morning at the designated time, and had a nice shower that evening right after work-from-home.

 

In mid-May, I first heard the term “Monkeypox”, and how it had been found in Canada, and how we had been told not to panic. Ugh, not again!

 

Thankfully, monkeypox didn’t seem to take off (in the media at least) to anywhere close to the same degree that COVID-19 did. Obviously a lot of people have gotten it, but I don’t personally know any of them, unlike COVID.

 

On May 22nd, I shot my first-ever roll of 35mm film. Yes, ten years shooting film as a kid/teenager and two years shooting it as an adult, and not once had I used the most-popular format. Until now. I carefully popped and wound a roll of Fujifilm into my grandfather’s old Kodak Retinette camera (which I later found out was probably made in 1957), and tried out this ancient technology. It turned out better than I expected, so that was encouraging. I joined a Facebook group dedicated to Kodak Retina and Retinette cameras.

 

Throughout the spring, Ally would regularly put my hand on her belly and I would feel the baby kicking or moving around. By May or June, I could feel more-distinct parts; perhaps a foot or a knee.

 

On May 28th (my 5th wedding anniversary; hard to believe it’s been 5 years already!), I went to Mom’s house for her 60th birthday party. Elliot ordered an ice cream truck and I got lots of pictures, so that was a good time.

 

Throughout May and June, I continued working, taking film pics, and going on bike rides as we awaited the arrival of our bébé. On June 15th, I bought a Canon EOS Elan IIe 35mm film SLR on eBay for $70. I liked the Retinette, but the lens isn’t connected to the viewfinder, so getting the right focus distance involves making your best guess. When it works out, it looks great, but it doesn’t always work out. So I got a film SLR that I could use my detachable lenses with.

 

On I believe June 12th, I met Rob Chew from Flickr; we walked around Roncesvalles and I took the Retinette for that outing.

 

Not wanting to take any chances getting stuck in traffic 30km from home when Ally’s water broke, I decided to take my parental leave at the start of her 39th week. On my first day of parental leave, we went to the Zoo for the first time since 2016. I saw Andrew and Jay, and got some good APS film pics, but we only got to see Indo, Africa and Savannah, as it would have been too much walking for Ally to visit my old slacking grounds of Eurasia.

 

On June 23rd, I started a public Instagram account for my film pics -- @36filmpics.

 

Ally’s due date came and went, but still no bébé. We went on walks, and she did exercises, and went to midwife appointments, but still no bébé. It was decided that she would be induced. On the morning of Saturday July 2nd, I took my last photo of Ally with her belly visible, a week past her due date, with my little old Kodak Advantix T500 APS film camera. We went to St. Joe’s that evening, and Ally had a Foley catheter installed (yes, Ally reviewed and approved this story before I posted it). We went home at 12:12am.

 

On Sunday July 3rd, we got up before 6:15am and got to the hospital at 8:06am; the longest day of Ally’s life (her words). And I documented everything! We were brought to the birthing room just before 9:00am. A doctor broke Ally’s water at 9:49am, and started her on oxytocin at 10:29am. Ally’s contractions were getting more frequent by 12:40pm, but by mid-afternoon she was in more pain. Around 4:30pm she said she felt like pushing, but the anesthesiologist wasn’t available to give an epidural until around 5:50pm. At 10:10pm, Ally was fully dilated, and a nurse said we’d talk about pushing in an hour or two, so we tried to sleep a bit. We woke up at 11:53pm.

 

Ally started pushing at midnight, and I have never seen her strain like that before. Her face was beet-red, her eyes were squeezed shut, and I felt so bad for her. After an hour being assisted by me, a nurse and the midwives, the doctor came back and determined that the baby’s head was still not engaged, so Ally would have to have a c-section. It was not what Ally wanted to hear, but she was brave. They wheeled her into the OR around 1:23am while the midwives took me to get suited up into scrubs. I waited in the hall for about 20 minutes with my camera (digital this time; I couldn’t take any chances with film in a moment like this), and then the midwife student brought me into the OR and around the table, and I sat on a metal stool near Ally’s head. She was awake, so I held her hand. Barely two minutes after I sat down, the midwife told me to get my camera ready. On cue, I stood up and took two pictures of our baby, only about ten seconds old, covered in blood, screaming, and very much alive.

 

Rae was born at 1:54am on Monday July 4th, 2022, nine days after her due date. At that moment, I became a father, and we love her more than she will ever know.

 

A pediatrician and respiratory therapist roughly massaged and patted Rae to get the lung fluids out on a table nearby (which happens with c-section babies), while Ally looked over and I took a few pictures. Then the midwife brought Rae over to rest on Ally’s chest and took a few pictures of us while the doctors repaired Ally’s body.

 

The midwives led me out of the OR after less than ten minutes while the doctors finished patching Ally up. I went to a recovery room and took off my shirt, and the midwives put Rae on my chest. She immediately started rooting toward my nipple, but I told her she wouldn’t get much there. A few minutes later, Ally was hwheeled in on a bed and held Rae to breastfeed her for the first time. Ally looked exhausted, but completely natural at being a mother.

 

So many things happened that day that it’s sort of a blur. Due to my work benefits, we got a private room, which we were grateful for. I finally got ready for bed around 4:10am. We hardly slept at all that first night, but it’s all worth it, for the little girl that we now have in our lives.

 

Rae had jaundice, so we had to stay in the hospital a bit longer than expected. After two and a half days full of feeding, crying, and napping, we were given the go-ahead to go home at 8:04am on Wednesday July 6th. But it was delayed when the nurse found out that Ally needed to see an obstetrician first. That didn’t happen, but she was given a prescription, so we packed up the rest of our things and left the hospital with Rae in the car seat around noon.

 

I spent the next month and a half with Ally, getting to know our baby together and figuring out how to be parents. I took 8 weeks off work for parental leave (the maximum that EI would pay for), so we went on a lot of walks and spent a lot of time outside this summer. We went to the Centennial Park Conservatory; the Beltline Trail; Sam Smith Park; the Humber River Recreational Trail; and I took Rae on a walk around Leslieville and Little India (our old stomping grounds) one afternoon while Ally went to the dentist.

 

On July 20th, Ally and I got our 4th COVID-19 vaccines. This time, I felt like crap the next day, but I was back to normal the following day.

 

On August 2nd, we took Rae on her first roadtrip/overnight trip, to Spring Lake Resort just outside Algonquin [Provincial] Park. Ally and I had gone there in 2018 and thought it’d be a safe place as far as COVID was concerned, as there were no shared indoor hallways (it’s a multi-storey motel). We went into Algonquin and Arrowhead Provincial Parks and I got some nice film pics, and we took Rae on her first ride in a canoe. I also found out on that trip that Good Shepherd was looking for a GACW again, as Akua had left. I guess I was right in my assumption back in 2020 that they wouldn’t find funding to hire me back as a GACW, but they must have had enough funding to keep Akua going. I declined to apply, because the external circumstances that made the GACW job a good job in the past were largely gone. I didn’t live nearby anymore; the pandemic still exists, and so on. During that trip, I found out that my Canon EOS IX Lite APS SLR camera had stopped working, so that pissed me off. I bought a new one in October, and by “new” I mean “new used”, since those cameras haven’t been made since 2001.

 

On August 13th, I went up to Vicki’s cottage for Dad’s 60th birthday party, and the following weekend I went to Wasaga Beach for a Shaka Wasaga tiki bar cruise, also for Dad’s birthday.

 

On August 15th, I went back to work. I found out that while I was away, 7 coworkers had ceased to work at the organization, and another full-timer took a job somewhere else and went down to relief. But I thankfully didn’t come back to a shitshow in terms of workload. Nobody was calling angrily or asking WTF was going on with their referral, although there was a backlog of referrals. Most of the actual waitlist was made up of guys who I’d interviewed prior to my parental leave; only about 8 guys had been interviewed while I was away. But I guess that shows how irreplaceable I was, right? Right!

 

At some point in the summer, I gave my old Canon EOS Rebel XSi camera to Heather, as Matt wanted it.

 

On August 27th, I went to ServiceOntario and downgraded my F licence to a G licence rather than do the written test again. After almost ten years, it wasn’t needed anymore – my employer got rid of the bus while I was on parental leave. I decided that I won’t be taking any more jobs in the future that require driving, as it’s too much of a liability.

 

On September 4th, I was out for a walk with Rae by myself, and sat down on a bench to feed her a bottle of formula. A woman of about 50 and presumably her teenage daughter stopped, looked at me, and said “God bless you, sir!” I went home and told Ally about how that’s all I had to do, as a man, to receive praise from a random stranger about my parenting skills. As much as I complain about some aspects of parenting, I do realize that Ally does the vast majority of the work. But I spend 40 hours a week at my job (plus about 8 hours a week commuting), so that’s the trade-off, as neither of us can do it all.

 

Ally got me what will probably be our last cake from Hype Food Co. for my birthday (as the company is moving to Quebec). I took my 37th birthday off work and we went on our second overnight roadtrip with Rae; this time to go to a few places around Lake Erie. We went to Turkey Point Provincial Park and walked a trail and sat on the beach. Being mid-September, there were hardly any other people there, but the flies were biting and there were wasps aplenty…perhaps that’s part of the reason why. The next day, we went to the Long Point Bird Observatory and Long Point Provincial Park. I got frustrated with Rae, and sat on the beach with Ally after going for a walk by myself, talking about the challenges of parenting that I wasn’t ready for. In my life in general, I take steps to prevent problems from happening, every day, with pretty much every decision, but with Rae, it felt like I wasn’t able to do that. I felt ineffective.

 

On September 20th, as I was stuck in another traffic jam on the way to work, I sat in a mostly-silent rage about my reputation being affected by other people’s fuck-ups (i.e., me being late for work because of other people’s car accidents). As I sat in my car eating lunch later that day, I e-mailed a therapy organization and said I need help dealing with stress. They got back to me that afternoon and that evening I spoke to a therapist. I spoke to another the next day, and decided to start working with her. The idea is to learn how to better prevent and deal with stress so I can be a good role model for Rae.

 

On September 22nd, I took the GO train to work for the first time ever, after being repeatedly made late for work due to the aforementioned traffic jams. I ended up taking the train to/from work 6 or 7 times in the fall, and it was a good idea. I got way more exercise on those days; I could read my book; I didn’t have to worry about liability (the main thing motivating me to take transit); and I didn’t catch COVID, either (which was the main thing keeping me from taking transit). However, at $16/day, I can’t justify taking the GO train every day. It only costs $4/day in gas, and driving saves me about an hour each day. So unfortunately, transit will remain an occasional thing, done for health benefits rather than saving time or money.

 

Around the same date, I found out we had our first client COVID cases and COVID outbreak at work – remarkably, it didn’t happen until two and a half years into the pandemic. They isolated the clients and it didn’t spread out of control, so that was fortunate. As much as I’m often on edge about people not taking the still-existing pandemic seriously enough anymore, my workplace has been very effective (and/or lucky) in keeping it under control thus far.

 

On November 6th, Ally and I got our flu shots. On November 15th, I got an ambulatory blood pressure monitor, to wear for 24 hours and figure out what’s really going on with my blood pressure. Turns out my daytime readings were okay, but my nighttime readings were a little high, so the cardiologist told me to eat less salt. He also said he’d arrange a sleep study to look into sleep apnea. If it’s not one thing, it’s something else!

 

Work really slowed down in the second half of November, as we knew we weren’t admitting any more men to treatment for a few months due to the staffing shortage. It was nice to catch my breath and allow my heart rate to slow down – and that’s no joke; my Fitbit graph shows a clear and persistent decrease since that time, compared to the previous two months where it was go-go-go all the time. On December 14th, I passed the ten-year mark with that organization. I didn’t get a card this time, though.

 

In late November, in another act of nostalgia, I moved aside the storage locker door and resurrected my very first camera; a Kodak Star 110, given to me by Granny and Grandad for Christmas of probably 1994. Why? More like “Why not?” I hadn’t used that camera in about 23 years. I shot a roll between November 28th and December 17th, and am waiting for it to come back from West Camera. ‘pparently 110 film is even more troublesome than APS film to develop, so I was told to expect a two-week wait for scans.

 

The only problem with all this film photography in 2022 is that it’s very expensive, especially considering I have a perfectly-good DSLR that takes better-quality photos on a huge memory card that I only had to buy once. Each roll of film costs between $9-$17 to buy, and about $13 to develop. So it hasn’t been a cheap year in terms of photography, but I have to say, shooting film has been a challenge I’ve enjoyed.

 

On December 18th, we put Rae in the crib to sleep at night for the first time, finishing her time sleeping in the bassinette in the bedroom with us for her first five-and-a-half months. It’s been more difficult for Ally and I because now we have to walk to another room to tend to Rae when she wakes up, but she had reached a milestone as far as the bassinette manufacturer’s instructions were concerned, so…safety first! Ally and I were sad about that change. Ally had said around November that she doesn’t want the bébé to grow up, and I felt the same way. It seems like yesterday that Rae’s head easily fit in the palm of my hand, and now she’s almost 18 pounds. She sits up in her high chair and eats pulverized vegetable slop a few times a day now. Pretty soon she’ll be walking, having temper tantrums in the grocery store, asking to borrow my car, and paying from her six-figure income for me to move into a reputable retirement home. Dad told me this summer that kids grow up in the blink of an eye, and these first almost-six-months have flown by indeed. On December 28th, we packed up the bassinette and brought it back to Gill, from whom we borrowed it.

 

I’ve learned lots of things about babies this year, having had no experience with babies since my sister was born in 1992, when I was a kid myself. For example:

 

•Babies will be laughing one second; freaking out the next (this was our motto for Rae for the first few months. Call me a jerk, but we needed humor).

•Babies will fuss and whine while you’re satiating their basic need for food or milk. They don’t understand cause-and-effect yet.

•Babies will wake up before the sun and not go back to sleep, which is okay during the workweek when I also get up before the sun, but they do it on weekends, too.

•Sometimes a car ride will make them fall asleep, and sometimes a car ride will make them scream bloody murder.

•Sometimes nothing works to calm an upset baby, whereas other times it’s easy to placate them simply by lifting them up in the air like Rafiki in the Lion King, except facing you, the baby-holder.

 

But for now, I’m 37, and she’s still a baby. So I’ll enjoy this time with her, before she starts telling me to fuck off and that I don’t understand, or before she starts using words out of context like “mid”, “vibe”, or “mood”. Of course, by the time she’s a teenager, those improperly-used words, like their Gen-Z proponents, will be cheugy.

 

Anyway, here we are at the beginning of 2023. Although the pandemic is not over, I have a wife and a baby and a job and a roof over my head. I’ve already set up an RESP for Rae (because science knows how much a postsecondary education will cost by the time she’s 18 – either it’ll be free, or it’ll be a million dollars). And although my health has started showing some cracks in the last few years that shouldn’t have become visible in my 30s and considering my body weight, at least they were identified early enough to make changes and incorporate them into my lifestyle before it’s too late. Let’s finish off this year’s summary with a few lists, shall we?

 

Books read in 2022 (in order):

1.Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow by Yuval Noah Harari (finished in 2022)

2.With the Old Breed by Eugene Sledge (if you’ve watched The Pacific, Eugene Sledge is the solider portrayed by Joseph Mazzello, a.k.a. Tim from Jurassic Park).

3.Talking to Canadians by Rick Mercer

4.You’re Going to be a Dad! By Daddilife Books

5.Canada’s Baby Care Book by Drs. Friedman & Saunders/The Hospital for Sick Children (perhaps if I had finished this book, I would better know how to take care of Rae).

6.The Underground Railroad: Authentic Narratives and First-Hand Accounts by William Still.

7.Confess by Rob Halford (the book I enjoyed most in 2022)

8.21 Things You May Not Know About the Indian Act by Bob Joseph

9.How to Prevent the Next Pandemic by Bill Gates

10.An Embarrassment of Critch’s by Mark Critch

11.Son of Hitler by Del Col/Moore/McComsey/McClelland

12.The Bullet: Stories from the Newfoundland Railway by Robert Hunt (started)

 

Indeed, 2022 was just as much a Newfoundland renaissance year for me as any previous year, even though it’s now been five years since I’ve been back, and seven years since I’ve been back to St. John’s. But with three Newfoundland[er] books; a Newfoundland-based TV show; four Simani songs and four Great Big Sea songs purchased, I think that counts.

 

TV shows watched in 2022:

•Son of a Critch

•Lincoln’s Dilemma

•The Boba Fett Show

•The Obi-Wan Kenobi Show (probably my favorite show of 2022)

•The G Word with Adam Conover (some of it, anyway)

•The Kids In The Hall Revival Show

•Our Great National Parks (narrated by my man-crush, Barack Obama)

•The first few seasons of Seinfeld again

•The Crown Season 5

•The Harry & Meghan Ruin Everything Show

 

A sample of songs I got into in 2022:

•“Bad Boy (Razor Ramon)” and “Snake Bit (Jake ‘The Snake’ Roberts)” by Jim Johnston

•“Turbo Lover” and “You’ve Got Another Thing Coming” by Judas Priest

•“Catfish’s Maw” and “Face Shrine” from The Legend of Zelda: Link’s Awakening

•“The Rock Show” and “Try, Try, Try” by Rockabye Baby!

•“Santa’s a Bayman Like Us” by Shanneyganock

•“Step Into Christmas” by Elton John

•“If Not For You” by George Harrison

•“Head First” by Home

•“Mining Melancholy” from Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy’s Kong Quest

 

I went through a bit of a Queen revival in the summer. I bought Ozzy’s new album (Patient Number 9) and the Chili Peppers new album (Unlimited Love), but I wasn’t impressed with either. The songwriting just wasn’t there in Ozzy’s album. The songwriting on the Chili Peppers album was okay, and it was nice to hear John Frusciante back with them, but there weren’t any songs on it that I loved.

 

I hardly recorded any music in 2022, especially compared to 2021. I didn’t record any original songs; just a drum solo, some birds out the window; a few attempts to get Terrance and Rae to vocalize; a part of a cover song that Ally and I were working on, and an interview with Nanny in which I forgot to record the first half (whoops!).

 

I was a bit less active on Flickr this year (184 photos/videos posted) vs. last year (211 posted), but that’s still quite a lot. The reason I couldn’t post as often in 2022 is because Rae and Ally were sleeping in the bedroom (which is also my computer room) in the mornings while I was getting ready for work, and I tended not to use the computer after work, so I was really only posting pics on weekends from mid-August to mid-December.

 

Favorite things in 2022 not otherwise specified:

•Store: West Camera

•Snack food: Yogurt mixed with low-sugar ice cream, frozen berries, cinnamon and peanuts.

•Health: Finding out my fasting blood glucose had improved since last year.

•People: Seeing my baby daughter smile at me.

•Work: The afternoon commute occasionally being faster than usual for no apparent reason.

•Quotes:

----“Yeah, that’s right”/”It’s gonna be rough” – David Puddy;

----“Here I am” – Steve Bridges as George W. Bush;

----“I’m terribly sorry I’m dressed as a tree…shall we get unhappily married?” “I don’t want to marry you; I hate you; yes.” – Princess Diana and Prince Charles as portrayed by Kieran Hodgson;

----Saying “Take the piss” when I mean “Take a piss”.

•Politics: The local Big Development city councillor being ousted and replaced by a woman of color, who surprisingly got elected in Ford Nation.

•Travel: Actually being able to go on two multi-day trips with a newborn baby, even if they were frustrating at times and I haven’t left the province in almost three years.

 

And there you have it! Tune in again next year for my Story of 2023!

 

_____________

2022Collage.jpg

For the half-marathon (21.1 km) results and photos...here are the local (Ottawa & area) participants -- sorted by cities and first name -- in the September 19, 2010, Canada Army Run held in Ottawa, Ontario.

 

Click here and enter the bib numbers for the full individual race results.

(5,452 runners in the 21.1 km race)

 

Thank-you to Sportstats.

 

Part A. Ottawa (bib numbers, see below; for photos, click here.)

Part B. Other Communities (Alexandria to Navan) (Click here.)

Part C. Other Communities (Nepean to Woodlawn) (Click here.)

 

Part A: (Ottawa photos click here.)

 

5993…Aaron Auyeung

812…Aaron Toner

462…Abigail Fyfe

6331…Abigail Hain

6169…Adam Lister

2897…Adam Martin

1569…Adam Phomin

2937…Adam Richardson

2295…Adam Sherk

2373…Adam Yaworski

15…Adrian Becklumb

3184…Adriana Ducic

4953…Adriana Zeleney

3225…Adwin Gallant

4118…Aideen Smith

5629…Aili Ignacy

592…Alain Dion

2979…Alain Vermette

5406…Alan Born

6058…Alan Dempsey

5753…Alan Mulawyshyn

75…Alan Tippett

3594…Alan Yeadon

4612…Alana McNamara-Uguccioni

114…Alan-John Sigouin

1675…Alastair Okroy

6377…Alastair Warwick

611…Alayne Crawford

4494…Alecks Zarama

5963…Alessandra Rosselli

2417…Alex Burnet

1106…Alex Peach

6292…Alexa Bernier Sylvestre

3296…Alexa Hutchinson

4884…Alexander Gomez

6605…Alexandra Averbeck

3892…Alexandra Brunette-D'souza

859…Alexandra Bushell

1876…Alexandra Gruca-Macaulay

2652…Alexis Lemmex

5926…Alia Waterfall

3000…Alice Adamo

892…Alison Cunningham

6322…Alison Dewar

3378…Alison McCray

5754…Alison Mulawyshyn

4569…Alison Sargent

1198…Alison Young

3227…Allan Gauci

1828…Allan White

710…Allie Wright

3500…Allison Seymour

6332…Allister Hain

509…Amanda Beaubien

851…Amanda Brown

3258…Amanda Haddad

5599…Amanda Halladay

336…Amanda Holmes

5755…Amanda Mulawyshyn

4281…Amanda Palmer

4628…Amanda Reurekas

2955…Amber Steeves

4701…Amber Tower

4946…Amin Mirzaee

797…Amir Mirzaei

530…Amy Dickson

3175…Amy Donaghey

5291…Amy Hiltz

5977…Amy Kingston

2167…Amy Plint

5824…Amy Rose

305…Amy Usher

769…Anali Stewart

1306…Andre Campeau

175…Andre Francois Giroux

5748…Andre Morency

3457…Andre Rancourt

1697…Andre St-Laurent

1711…Andrea Dupille

1708…Andrea English

4244…Andrea Hill

5715…Andrea Matthews

1192…Andrea Wenham

1561…Andree Deslauriers

1945…Andrei Stefan

6460…Andrew Burdeniuk

2296…Andrew Frank

3256…Andrew Ha

5605…Andrew Hawley

4795…Andrew Hepburn

6494…Andrew Higgerty

3320…Andrew Kelly

2027…Andrew Macdonald

4852…Andrew Mackinder

2158…Andrew Macneil

1051…Andrew Matwick

4996…Andrew Melchers

2922…Andrew Ng

5766…Andrew Norgaard

1872…Andrew Parker

4369…Andrew Patzer

2134…Andrew Plater

6416…Andrew Shiner

6412…Andrew Spurrell

1883…Andrew Van Dorsser

2648…Andy Boutet

2214…Andy Millette

1447…Andy Wilson

4431…Angela Lamb

1126…Angela Romany

5098…Angela Steele

3565…Angela Walter

2337…Angelo Fatoric

4589…Angie Lapointe

6055…Anick De Sousa

3113…Anika Clark

5382…Anita Barewal

5450…Anita Choquette

4466…Anita Portier

3980…Anka Crowe

4038…Ann Lanthier

1035…Ann Macdonald

3679…Ann McCaffrey

4196…Ann Moquin

1281…Ann Piche

5483…Anna Dabros

2102…Anna Hardy

4241…Anna Hoefnagels

6346…Anna Mattok

3659…Anna Shannette

3576…Anna Wilkinson

2840…Anna-Maria Frescura

3993…Anne Finn

1388…Anne Francis

1699…Anne Kavanagh

5024…Anne Menard

4955…Anne Overton

5130…Anne Pearce

4620…Anne Strangelove

659…Annette Brinkman

1358…Annie Plouffe

6095…Anthony Foster

5820…Anthony Robertson

5712…Antonia Marrs

536…Aprile Cadeau

10…Arif Aziz

1493…Arjun Vinodrai

4993…Arlene Doucette

2007…Arthur King

1361…Arthur Winnik

5366…Ashley Allott

5989…Ashley Atkins

740…Ashley Augstman

5209…Ashley Brennan

3265…Ashley Harrington

771…Ashley Sisco

5882…Audra Swinton

888…Audrey Corsi Caya

5087…Audrey Lajoie

6486…Audrey Lajoie

2501…Avdo Nalic

2302…Avril Patrick

4942…Aydin Mirzaee

4473…B Schmidt

858…Barbara Burkhard

1592…Barbara Campbell

3832…Barbara Hartley

1664…Barbara Koop

387…Barbara Logue

4456…Barbara Mingie

761…Barnabas Fung

227…Barry Walker

3453…Beate Pradel

4353…Beatrice Belanger

6337…Ben Howe

2377…Benjamin Butty

5203…Benjamin Kalish

2798…Ben-Zion Caspi

3105…Bernard Charlebois

5118…Bernie Car

3242…Berny Gordon

3073…Betty Bulman

2244…Betty-Jane Horton

3842…Beverley Davis

157…Beverley Wells

3970…Beverly Clarkson

3241…Bhaskar Gopalan

5959…Bill Aitken

1845…Bill Horne

2904…Bill McEachern

5354…Bing Cheung

609…Blair Bobyk

1701…Blair Johnston

2653…Bob Alexander

1959…Bob Chiasson

2155…Bob Cousineau

3841…Bob Fraser

2905…Bob McGillivray

4545…Bob Moquin

1161…Bonnie Stewart

2253…Brad Elliott

1848…Brad Fulton

1880…Brad Johnson

1674…Brad McAninch

1411…Brad Richard

5951…Brad Wood

1992…Bradley Conley

4749…Brandon Bailey

166…Brandon Malleck

209…Brandon McArthur

1999…Brandy Bursey

1071…Breanne Merklinger

6151…Breelyn Lancaster

2528…Brenda Cuggy

6178…Brenda Makowichuk

2657…Brenda Ross

4356…Brendan Hennigan

645…Brent Caverly

5738…Brent Miller

6204…Brent Neal

4702…Brent Tower

57…Brent Vandermeer

2001…Brian Chow

1288…Brian Harding

6413…Brian Kingston

6157…Brian Lawless

2615…Brian McNeill

167…Brian O'higgins

2723…Brian Ray

4634…Brian Sanford

3498…Brian Senecal

3529…Brian Storosko

4570…Brigitte Cossette

2863…Brigitte Jackstien

5064…Brigitte Joly

3275…Brittany Hinds

5199…Brittany Leblanc

1457…Brock Harrison

2732…Brooke Kelford

6397…Bruce Huff

2908…Bruce McLaurin

6198…Bruce Montgomery

4314…Bruce Muise

2671…Bruce Nichols

2947…Bruce Sheppard

3276…Bryan Hofmeister

6189…Bryon McConnell

2542…Bunny - Bob Plamondon

749…Bunny - Gary Banks

2540…Bunny - Ian Boyle

2535…Bunny - Max Reede

5258…Bunny - Rob Hughes

748…Bunny- Artur Stec

2537…Bunny- Mark Wigmore

5257…Bunny- Trish Conway

5259…Bunny-Andrew Costello

746…Bunny-Anne Hughes

2539…Bunny-James Sauve

2536…Bunny-Steph Ethier

747…Bunny-Sylvie King

3889…Bunny-Marybeth Reynolds (3:00)

2541…Bunny-Maurenia Lynds

1618…C Chung

3883…Caitlin Currie

213…Cal Mitchell

2728…Caleb Netting

4917…Calvin Mak

1847…Cameron Doyle

6513…Cameron Fairlie

928…Cameron Fraser

5194…Camil Giguere

1984…Candice Dandurand

5969…Candice Hilder

4647…Carie Horning

1291…Carl Marcotte

568…Carla Harding

4748…Carli Grady

1001…Carly Lachance

2961…Carmelle Sullivan

3559…Carmen Vierula

1795…Carol Bennett

4195…Carol Joly

3665…Carol White

4132…Caroline Tsien

4730…Carolyn Bertrand

3651…Carolyn Chalupka

4297…Carolyn Tapp

3882…Carrie Roussin

3740…Cassandra Lively

5208…Cassaundra Iwankow

3092…Catherine Caron

1884…Catherine Chubey

2677…Catherine Fletcher

5057…Catherine Macleod

3452…Catherine Pound

2982…Catherine Wallace

5047…Cathleen Difruscio

1924…Cathleen Kayser

1257…Cathlin Antonello

5592…Cathy Green

5868…Cathy St.Louis

3493…Chad Scarborough

229…Chad Wilson

5435…Chantal Campbell

1710…Chantal Fallows

3448…Chantal Pilon

1728…Chantal Vonschoenberg

5675…Chantelle Lalonde

2194…Chari Marple

3369…Charlene Mathias

4470…Charlene Ruberry

2628…Charles Pryce

5151…Charles-Antoine Dion

5761…Charlotte Newton

4174…Chelsea Macdonell

4065…Cherrie Meloche

5648…Cheryl Kardish-Levitan

1066…Cheryl McIntyre

4207…Cheryl Perry

5849…Cheryl Shore

3624…Chloe Macdonell

2307…Chris Bartholomew

3054…Chris Bowen

2714…Chris Bright

2815…Chris Dannehl

1269…Chris Hayes

4316…Chris Henry

3604…Chris Manuel

4860…Chris Middleton

5750…Chris Morris

6351…Chris Moule

1300…Chris Phelan

5142…Chris Picknell

3459…Chris Rath

1156…Chris Spiteri

4672…Chris Ward

1564…Chris Warren

4490…Chris Weicker

3589…Chris Woodcock

2341…Chris Wragg

6392…Christelle Desgranges

3098…Christian Cattan

5402…Christie Bitar

4703…Christina Aboukassim

5634…Christina Jensen

2920…Christina Mullally

5180…Christina Romanin

4330…Christine Bourbonniere

2585…Christine Conlin

3230…Christine Geraghty

5612…Christine Hodge

1049…Christine Marshall

4506…Christine Mayer

5731…Christine Meldrum

474…Christine Pham

4809…Christine Piche

5807…Christine Pratley-Moore

3460…Christine Rath

5859…Christine Smith

2284…Christine Turmaine

6406…Christopher Aranda

1670…Christopher Arksey

6439…Christopher Collmorgen

5148…Christopher Ferris

5040…Christopher Gifford

5653…Christopher Kelly

4055…Christopher Mallette

4989…Christopher Morin

5049…Christopher Stafford

2381…Christopher Yule

1739…Chuck Bordeleau

2340…Chunyu Zhang

3675…Cindy Almond

1882…Cindy De Cuypere

2336…Cindy Macdonald

539…Cindy Maraj

4656…Cindy Puddicombe

781…Cindy Qu

5821…Cindy Robinson

2479…Claire McAneney

1391…Claire Samson

1043…Clare Macrae

828…Claude Beland

3436…Claude Papineau

5415…Claudia Brown

1509…Claudia Rutherford

1182…Claudia Veas

2532…Claudine Simard

4674…Clifford Martin

5702…Clyde Maclellan

1758…Colette Kenney

3420…Colette Nault

2730…Colin Bradley

187…Colin Daniel

1605…Colin Langille

744…Colin Sinclair

4626…Colin Welburn

5398…Colleen Bigelow

6510…Colleen Crane

2161…Colleen Penttinen

5474…Constance Craig

1278…Corey Crosby

618…Corey Grant

1283…Cori Dinovitzer

2354…Corina Buettner

5384…Corri Barr

2423…Cory Bialowas

2874…Cory Kwasny

5181…Courtney Sendall

2767…Craig Blair

2603…Craig Kowalik

1977…Craig Owen

4878…Craig Roberts

5001…Craig Rosario

1981…Cristina Santostefano

1377…Crystal Beaulieu

6319…Crystal Culp

3748…Curtis McCaffrey

424…Cynthia Desnoyers

5520…Cynthia Elliott

4961…Cynthia Maceachern

4950…Dahui Xiong

1937…Dale Joynt

6020…Dan Burke

5747…Dan Moore

5204…Dan Pihlainen

4630…Dan Seekings

53…Dan Steeves

269…Dana Menard

1186…Dana Wall

2759…Daniel Barnes

3065…Daniel Brown

2106…Daniel Mallett

4801…Daniel Morgan

318…Daniel Mossman

3416…Daniel Munro

6208…Daniel Nugent-Bowman

3895…Daniel Pereira

5794…Daniel Pharand

5802…Daniel Pohl

2349…Daniel Vincent

3141…Daniele Crivello

2115…Danielle Clarkin

2850…Dara Hakimzadeh

2592…Darcie Sawilla

2960…Daria Strachan

3313…Darlene Joyce

5936…Darlene Whiting

3060…Darrell Bridge

5036…Darren Boomer

6122…Darryl Hirsch

2327…Dave Abboud

1518…Dave Allan

2289…Dave Dawson

1762…Dave Eggleton

5583…Dave Goods

980…Dave Johnston

2649…Dave Langlois

3367…Dave Marcotte

2633…Dave Morin-Pelletier

3449…Dave Poff

3506…Dave Silvester

5190…Dave Spagnolo

1801…Dave Villeneuve

49…Dave Yaeger

2228…Dave Yarwood

2749…David Aaltonen

275…David Austin

603…David Chow

2498…David Dawson

3158…David Delaney

6495…David Dunkerley

3213…David Fobert

195…David Gerrard

2848…David Gregory

3762…David Hannah

4346…David Harding

5664…David Kirk

1982…David Korpi

1018…David Lemieux

5689…David Liimatainen

2286…David Macquistan

4349…David Milligan

216…David Murray

1890…David Nash

5310…David Quick

2597…David Rain

104…David Saville

146…David Shantz

3528…David Stewart

5897…David Tischhauser

1716…David Tuck

2120…David Vessey

3992…Dawn Fallis

3408…Dawn Montgomery

3410…Dawn More

3315…Dean Justus

5758…Deanna Murray

5615…Deb Hogan

4404…Debby Duford

4460…Deborah Newhook

438…Deborah Potter

3167…Deidra Dionne

378…Delanie Fontaine

660…Delphine Moser

2406…Denis Thompson

1469…Denise Plaa

3499…Denise Senecal

1172…Denise Thibault

6277…Denise Villeneuve

3074…Dennis Bulman

1517…Dennis Smith

2688…Dennis Waite

1305…Derek Fildebrandt

5693…Derek Love

4969…Derek Schroeder

2952…Derek Spriet

1189…Derrick Ward

83…Devashish Paul

953…Diana Harrison

4736…Diana Norton

3044…Diane Boisvert

4444…Diane Mackinder

6417…Diane Pascoli

4537…Dick Gunstone

2792…Dj Butcher

2992…Djordje Zutkovic

3014…Dominique Au-Yeung

5333…Dominique Verdurmen

3007…Don Andersen

3129…Don Cooper

2534…Don Harrison

1090…Don Orr

6359…Don Plenderleith

962…Dona Hill

1113…Dona Pino

1775…Donald Taylor

5920…Donald Waldock

5221…Donna Davis

4026…Donna Justus

4056…Donna Manweiler

1076…Donna Moffatt

4208…Donna Perry

5200…Donnan McKenna

3348…Doreen Lipovski

1601…Dorothy Kessler

728…Doug Pritchard

3887…Douglas Ainslie

1956…Douglas Brunt

4958…Douglas Carles

2808…Douglas Cooper

1528…Douglas Hutchison

1878…Douglas Macaulay

1939…Douglas McGinn

6219…Douglas Petryk

1294…Douglas Thomas

6108…Drew Gragg

222…Duaine Simms

173…Duncan Shaw

5423…Dung Bui

2080…Dwaine Martin

1398…Dwayne Lemon

2206…Dwight Obst

6462…Earl Horuath

724…Ed Clouthier

5412…Eddy Bridge

3327…Edie Knight

4379…Edith Anderson

2826…Edith Duarte

5595…Edith Grienti

2461…Edmund Binggeli

3538…Edmund Thomas

6404…Edward Fox

2247…Edward Jun

4130…Eileen Tosky-McKinnon

647…Eileen Vincent

3361…Eira Macdonell

5829…Elaine Rufiange

1173…Eleanor Thomas

5207…Elen Mark

3317…Eleonora Karabatic

3218…Elisabeth Fowler

2207…Elizabeth Burges-Sims

4426…Elizabeth Jones

4069…Elizabeth Millaire

4867…Elizabeth Race

4909…Elizabeth Richards

5439…Ellen Carter

1091…Ellen O'halloran

798…Elsa Mirzaei

6496…Elysia Van Zeyl

5981…Emilia Alai

3953…Emilie Brouzes

5462…Emilie Comtois-Rousseau

4941…Emily Brunt

1538…Emily Gildner

4005…Emily Gusba

205…Emily Maclean

1046…Emily Mantha

6264…Emily Thuswaldner

5373…Emmanuelle Arnould-Lalonde

4446…Ena Malvern

37…Eric Albert

3012…Eric Arnold

58…Eric Arseneault

6011…Eric Bourlier

1380…Eric Charland

164…Eric Edora

3656…Eric Jackson

5086…Eric Sanchez

2332…Eric Singh

4306…Erica Braun

4689…Erica Dath

1512…Erika McEachran

635…Erin Enros

5131…Erin Ferraris

3825…Erin Langton

766…Erin Mutterback

5922…Erin Wall

2986…Erin White

6358…Estelle Perrault

5846…Esther Seto

6152…Eugene Lang

5426…Eva Burnett

4491…Evamarie Weicker

5718…Evan May

3677…Eve Desaulniers

5084…Eve Desmarais

5577…Evelyne Gionet

1275…Everett Rose

197…Falk Gottlob

5584…Fannie Gouault

4882…Farouk Rajan

6427…Fatin Halawah

4089…Felice Pleet

2234…Fiona Johnston

4915…France Laliberte

4548…Frances Enns

3996…Frances Furmankiewicz

677…Francesca Craig

1551…Francesca Macdonald

5736…Francine Millen

1562…Francis Bilodeau

1633…Francisco De Sousa

3189…Francois Dumaine

2930…Francois Pineau

1081…Francoise Mulligan

4484…Francoise Tobias

2442…Frank Brown

3193…Frank D'angelo

5166…Frank Gelinas

2729…Frank Maloney

2873…Franz Kropp

2299…Fred Pelletier

5682…Fuen Leal-Santiago

3097…Gabriel Castro

3025…Gabriela Balajova

5547…Gabriela Fonseca

4380…Gail Baker-Gregory

4914…Gareth Webb

178…Gary Bazdell

27…Gary Cooper

198…Gary Guymer

228…Gary Wilkes

1019…Gavin Lemoine

2896…Geb Marett

3314…Genesis Juane

3122…Geneva Collier

1348…Genevieve Pineau

3525…Gennifer Stainforth

3186…Geof Dudding

2809…Geoff Cooper

3190…Geoff Dunkley

1250…Geoff Miller

84…Geoff Riggs

1599…Geoff Roth

2491…Geoff White

1947…George Condrut

2833…George Ferrier

6436…Georgetto Demers

161…Gerald Aubry

3426…Gerald Nigra

4857…Gerry Clarke

3178…Gerry Doucette

4903…Gilles Beauchesne

3523…Gilles St-Pierre

3008…Gillian Andersen

6098…Gillian Frost

2574…Gillian Gresham

2877…Ginette Lalonde-Kontio

1689…Ginette Lavigne

3530…Ginny Strachan

2285…Gino Rinaldi

4720…Gisella Gagliardi

5449…Glen Chiasson

34…Glenn Cheney

2331…Glenn Poirier

1486…Gloria Baeza

1109…Golmain Percy

5381…Gord Baldwin

3134…Gord Coulson

2557…Gord Larose

4886…Gordon Josephson

4321…Grace Cameron

1262…Grace Harju

3567…Graeme Wardlaw

2034…Graham Acreman

6170…Graham Lister

2026…Graham Schuler

3536…Graham Thatcher

4421…Graig Halpin

799…Grant Armstrong

4977…Grant Macleod

2958…Grant Stewart

1096…Graziella Panuccio

1995…Greg Artichuk

429…Greg Brockmann

1810…Greg Carreau

3238…Greg Godsell

2366…Greg Macdougall

3906…Greg Molson

3411…Greg Morris

1587…Greg White

4876…Gregory Lemoyne

3106…Greta Chase

1152…Greta Smith

3512…Gurminder Singh

1743…Guy Boyd

684…Guy Gellatly

3234…Guy Giguere

4535…Guylaine Bernard

3666…Guylaine Gallant

47…Gyro Inman

3513…Hali Smith

5970…Harold Boudreau

2844…Harold Geller

163…Harold Walker

4238…Hazel Ullyatt

3929…Heather Baker

3041…Heather Bigelow

3282…Heather Hopkins

1355…Heather Martin

662…Heather Morse

4084…Heather Paulusse

3569…Heather Watts

1741…Heather Willett

5942…Heather Williams

925…Helen Francis

1197…Helen Yemensky

1021…Helene Lepine

4706…Helen-Marie Weeks

4796…Hieu Nguyen

3349…Hilary Little

1559…Hilary Mellor

4318…Holly Blair

5638…Holly Johnson

5962…Holly Kemp

1094…Hong Pang

1718…Howard Silver

5021…Hui Xu

6440…Iain Davidson

1552…Iain Macdonald

2765…Ian Beausoleil-Morrison

5588…Ian Graham

3261…Ian Hamilton

70…Ian Joiner

5704…Ian Macvicar

4565…Ian Malcolm

130…Ian Milne

2119…Ian Rosso

4792…Ian Shea

1414…Ian Whittal

2586…Ilona Montgomery

4849…Imran Choudhry

739…Ingrid Berljawsky

2871…Ingrid Koenig

5272…Ione Jayawardena

3169…Irene Dionne

4291…Iris Krajcarski

2899…Irv Marucelj

4269…Isabelle Periard-Boileau

1530…Ivan Stefanov

5335…Ivan Verdurmen

938…Iyad Ghazal

1703…J Darras

4772…J.F. Leduc

2865…Jack Jensen

342…Jackie Forman

5645…Jackie Kachuik

1491…Jacob Beumer

97…Jacob Smith

1643…Jacqueline Kinloch

1174…Jacqueline Thorne

3860…Jacquie Bushell

6228…Jade Puddington

3504…Jade Sillick

2254…Jag Soin

2481…Jaime Trick

2699…James Beaupre

688…James Bissonnette

244…James Bronson

3897…James Campbell

5554…James Fraser

941…James Godefroy

2103…James Harvey

6155…James Lascelle

6160…James Leacock

2326…James Malejczuk

5154…James Shepherd

5628…Jamie Hurst

6234…Jan Riopelle

3231…Jane Gibson

2368…Jane Hazel

1053…Jane Maxwell

5305…Jane Morris

5823…Jane Rooney

2046…Jane Rutherford

3520…Jane Spiteri

5927…Jane Waterfall

3130…Janet Cooper

3146…Janet Curran

3292…Janet Huffman

390…Janet Perkins

5862…Janet Sol

5250…Janet Yale

4514…Janice Morlidge

5817…Janice Richard

1277…Janus Cihlar

5090…Janusz Donat Gawlik

180…Jared Broughton

853…Jasmine Brown

5979…Jason Abramovitch

4622…Jason Ashton

2643…Jason Bussey

3222…Jason Frew

2608…Jason Gale

6158…Jason Lawton

567…Jason Lind

23…Jason Mah

1503…Jason Moodie

6362…Jason Rodriguez

5874…Jason Stewart

5723…Jay McIntosh

1119…Jay Rached

3501…Jay Shaw

3932…Jayne Barlow

1793…Jean Claude Blais

5124…Jean Denis Yelle

6149…Jean Lacroix

1431…Jean Lapointe

2263…Jean Rene Alarie

4648…Jean Wright

5273…Jean-Alexan Robillard-Cardinal

1292…Jeanna Chan

4625…Jeanne Percival

17…Jean-Philippe Pellerin

1772…Jean-Pierre Morin

5487…Jeff Daunt

957…Jeff Hausmann

5078…Jeff Koscik

1287…Jeff Macdonald

1284…Jeff Moore

1733…Jeff Shillington

1417…Jeff Smart

1190…Jeff Waterfall

2371…Jeff Wright

225…Jeffery Vanderploeg

2650…Jeffrey Dodds

2619…Jeffrey Johnston

214…Jeffrey Muller

96…Jeffrey Smith

2618…Jen Bowes

5740…Jen Milligan

2235…Jennifer Adams

3004…Jennifer Ajersch

1463…Jennifer Almond

3792…Jennifer Balao

827…Jennifer Baudin

3957…Jennifer Bucknall

3198…Jennifer Elliott

3220…Jennifer Fraser

2514…Jennifer Gardiner

1445…Jennifer Halfhide

2467…Jennifer Harris

5230…Jennifer Katsuno

2866…Jennifer Kaufman

1013…Jennifer Leblanc

3916…Jennifer McCabe

4949…Jennifer Miller

4587…Jennifer Moher

3412…Jennifer Morris

4574…Jennifer Payne

6229…Jennifer Rauscher

661…Jennifer Sarrasin

2125…Jenny Koumoutsidis

5968…Jeramy Rutley

5183…Jeremy Atherton

1851…Jeremy Mansfield

5739…Jessalynn Miller

2056…Jessica Aldred

854…Jessica Brown

6059…Jessica Dempsey

6431…Jessica Devries

4839…Jessica Devries

1008…Jessica Lanouette

5276…Jessica Pedersen

3455…Jessie Rai

3181…Jesula Drouillard

1776…Jetje Antonietti

401…Jez Fletcher

4532…Jie Qin

3003…Jill Ainsworth

5502…Jill Dickinson

931…Jill Frook

6343…Jill Kolisnek

3638…Jill Marsh

6512…Jillian Propp

1416…Jim Burgess

182…Jim Carter

87…Jim Fullarton

1724…Jim Ryan

4714…Jim Sourges

1222…Jim Turner

5924…Jim Walsh

4581…Jimmy Ha

2924…Jimmy Novak

6432…Joan Bard Miller

3700…Joan Craig

6075…Joan Duguid

511…Joan Kam Cheong

5034…Joan McManus

5563…Joann Garbig

5224…Joanna Hardwick

531…Joanna Simpson

674…Jo-Anne Beauchemin

1276…Joanne Bradley

4707…Jo-Anne Difruscio

5551…Joanne Fox

272…Jo-Anne Guimond

3397…Joanne Merrett

629…Joanne Schliebener

3494…Joanne Schmid

1434…Joanne Schofield

4606…Joanne Sim

5351…Joanne Stober

5201…Joanne Thompson

5590…Jocelyne Grandlouis

670…Jocelyne Lahaie

499…Jocelyne Riopelle

3013…Jodi Ashton

25…Jodi Wendland

3754…Jodie Hoffart

2215…Joe Lott

2369…Joe Paraskevas

55…Joe Ross

2351…Joe Tegano

5808…Joel Proulx

2222…Joel Weaver

2828…Joelle D'aoust

4266…Joelyn Ragan

2576…Johann Unterganschnigg

5633…Johanna Jennings

3943…Johanne Bertrand

737…John Balint

4816…John Bishop

2305…John Bowen

4834…John Downey

5524…John Emard

1657…John Hale

2463…John Hamilton

624…John Mahoney

5709…John Manwaring

6349…John Melanson

1089…John Oliver

1759…John Pallascio

283…John Swift

2076…John Timmermans

1594…John Trant

2985…John Welsh

3593…John-Paul Yaraskavitch

2853…Jolene Harvey

5839…Jolene Savoie

10573…Jolynn Kam Cheong

2107…Jon Neill

394…Jonah Losier

2617…Jonathan Carreiro

2801…Jonathan Charbonneau

2273…Jonathan Cox

6046…Jonathan Crozier

4328…Jonathan Hurn

5686…Jonathan Lemieux

1328…Jonathan Moore

755…Jonathan Pace

6401…Jonathan Sanchez

2018…Jonathan Taylor

169…Jonathan Woodman

2731…Joni Bradley

1087…Joni Ogawa

2892…Jordan Macdonald

6217…Jordan Payne

4711…Jordon Bickford

4578…Josee Picard

5878…Josee Surprenant

3910…Joseph Nash

1667…Joseph Smith

2817…Josette Day

4296…Josey Finley

2779…Josh Bowen

5332…Josh Lemoine

456…Joy Hackett

3259…Joy Halverson

4199…Joy Malcolm

5338…Judah Leung

5219…Judi McAlea

5271…Judith Atwood

4271…Judith Lamarche

3759…Judy Fentiman

1427…Julia Bernier

2784…Julia Brothers

3982…Julia De Ste Croix

5640…Julia Johnston

3963…Juliann Castell

4377…Juli-Ann Rowsell

6426…Julie Arseneau

5425…Julie Burke

3149…Julie Dale

920…Julie Farmer

1009…Julie Laplante

5685…Julie Lefebvre

4815…Julie Mackinnon

4971…Julie Maranger

632…Julie McGuire

1371…Julie Murdock

1133…Julie Rutberg

2432…Julien Leblanc

649…Justin Glinski

3374…Justin McAtamney

2529…Justine Ogle

4663…Justine Sider

371…Kaarina Stiff

6054…Kanina Dawson

3573…Kara Wheatley

4681…Karen Afghan

3078…Karen Burns

5464…Karen Cook

902…Karen Dillon

369…Karen Freake

2607…Karen Jardine

5184…Karen Oberthier

5252…Karen Pelletier

643…Karen Poirier

3491…Karen Sauve

155…Karen Zerr

4489…Karin Vogt

3289…Karina Tuyen Hua

5348…Karl McQuillan

5865…Karl St-Hilaire

2123…Karras Hagglund

5469…Kate Corsten

5287…Kate Duthie

503…Kate Rafter

4115…Kate Sherwood

338…Kate Steele

1166…Kate Swetnam

5908…Kate Truglia

6320…Katerina Daniel

326…Katharine McGowan

3005…Katherine Ann Aldred

1260…Katherine Halhed

1036…Katherine Macdonald

5832…Katherine Ryan

1461…Kathleen Foran

5573…Kathleen Gifford

1298…Kathleen Hart

2062…Kathleen Kealey

4635…Kathleen Raven

2559…Kathleen Seward

1170…Kathleen Talarico

5990…Kathryn Atkinson

2876…Kathryn Laflamme

1240…Kathy Fischer

4012…Kathy Heney

4043…Kathy Lewis

3383…Kathy McGilvray

5830…Kathy Rutledge

1754…Kathy Steegstra

3733…Katie Lemenchick

2473…Katie Macgregor

1858…Katie Mahoney

1696…Katie O'connell

5831…Katie Rutledge-Taylor

1920…Katrina Burgess

6205…Katrina Nelson

4696…Kaveh Rikhtegar

2923…Kazutoshi Nishizawa

6111…Keane Grimsrud

2712…Keith Hazelton

3307…Keith Johnson

2527…Keith Laughton

1082…Keith Mulligan

2412…Keith Pomakis

3492…Keith Savage

2043…Kel Doig

657…Kelley Blanchette

1580…Kelly Barnett

5391…Kelly Bell

3249…Kelly Gray

4009…Kelly Harrington

5222…Kelly Hewitt

2266…Kelly Legallais

4870…Kelly McFaul

4879…Kelly Roberts

6368…Kelly Steele

753…Kelly Whitty

6091…Ken Fong

3391…Ken McNair

5937…Ken Whiting

4070…Kendall Miller

1382…Kendra Ray

1396…Kendrah Allison

493…Kerri Chalmers

184…Kerri Cook

1607…Kerri Mullen

6411…Kevin Charles

3…Kevin De Snayer

6126…Kevin Huber

969…Kevin Hubich

4357…Kevin Kit

3394…Kevin Mercer

2927…Kevin O'brien

3497…Kevin Semeniuk

6499…Kevin Shaw

4623…Kevin Steele

5892…Kiley Thompson

830…Kim Benjamin

3806…Kim Donaldson

1405…Kim Douglas

5746…Kim Moir

4114…Kim Shelp

3353…Kimberley Low

1134…Kimberley Salisbury

1929…Kimberly Forkes

4752…Kimberly Matte

4657…Kimberly McMillan

574…Kimberly Rennie

689…Kimberly Sogge

4729…Kimberly Vo

1496…Kirk Munroe

1796…Kirsty Greig

4983…Kit E

3876…Kiza Francis

5100…Klara Lavoie

5023…Kp McNamara

6445…Kris Bulmer

2104…Krista Gifford

3358…Krista Macdonald

2050…Kristen Beausoleil

3788…Kristen Cairncross

3868…Kristen Cunningham

1617…Kristen Underwood

1792…Krister Partel

3885…Kristiana Stevens

1751…Kristin Rawley

4757…Kristine Joan Proudfoot

5851…Kristine Simpson

735…Kristy Belanger

299…Kristyn Berube

2802…Krysten Chase

1272…Kumar Saha

2747…Kurt Grabinsky

5655…Kyla Kelly

6060…Kyle Den Bak

4245…Kyle Ferguson

3401…Kyle Miersma

5724…Laco Kovac

4192…Lamar Mason

3443…Lambros Pezoulas

6340…Lara Kaplan

4649…Lara Wong

5443…Larry Chamney

880…Laura Cluney

2064…Laura Maclean

1153…Laura Smith

1185…Laura Walker-Ng

4627…Laure Kresz

935…Lauren Gamble

3926…Laurence Ahoussou

3481…Laurent Roy

526…Laurie Boulet

348…Laurie Cairns

196…Laurie Gorman

3264…Laurie Hardage

2394…Laurie Meaney-Tobin

2736…Lavoie Curtis

2989…Lawrence Wong

2763…Leah Beaudette

1665…Leah Skuce

5404…Lee Blue

520…Lee Merklinger

3285…Leigh Howe

3653…Leisha Moulton

4052…Lenore Macartney

3845…Leo Murphy

2220…Leon Sutherland

5525…Leona Emberson

586…Lesley Grignon

1757…Leslie McKay

2909…Leslie McLean

5378…Leslie-Anne Bailliu

706…Lexy Scott

4408…Lia Eichele

839…Lian Bleckmann

1005…Liliane Langevin

3735…Lillian Thibault

579…Lina Seto

3971…Linda Coleman

906…Linda Doyle

743…Linda Newton

648…Linda Scott

5587…Lindsay Grace

3749…Lindsay Grimster

1213…Linsey Hollett

1519…Lisa Allan

1610…Lisa Fischer

926…Lisa Francis

948…Lisa Grison

5601…Lisa Hans

5602…Lisa Hansen

5606…Lisa Headley

5616…Lisa Hogan

430…Lisa Hubers

5649…Lisa Kawaguchi

4549…Lisa Murphy

5202…Lisa-Jane McMahon

4877…Lise Bourgon

1507…Lise Patterson

5792…Lise Perrier

4235…Lissa Allaire

3729…Liz Bielajew

1863…Liza Rozina

3945…Lori Blais

4423…Lori Howell

1208…Lori Mockson Burcsik

284…Lori Swift

2626…Lori Timmins

111…Lori-Ann May

4451…Lorna McCrea

3660…Lorraine England

519…Lorraine Schofield

5800…Lorretta Pinder

44…Louis Lapointe

2306…Louise Hamelin

4075…Louise Morin

570…Louise Rachlis

5251…Louise Wylie

4872…Luc Joly

2378…Lucas Angeli

4717…Lucas Post

5860…Lucas Smith

3099…Lucien Cattrysse

1879…Lucille Roy

4093…Luis Ramirez

5917…Luis Villegas

4521…Lynda Bordeleau

4368…Lynda Morgan

1998…Lynda Robertson

3273…Lyndsey Hill

4905…Lynn Campbell

699…Lynn Champagne

3164…Lynn Diggins

5763…Lynn Nightingale

4110…Lynn Sewell

1162…Lynn Stewart

5923…Lynn Wallace

1571…Lynne Eisener

1006…Lyse Langevin

2040…M Guy

4354…M Henschel

4418…Madeleine Gravel

2133…Mae Johnson

3309…Magali Johnson

3578…Malcolm Williams

1408…Manas Dan

3514…Mandy Smith

3592…Maple Yap

6009…Marc Bjerring

2804…Marc Cholette

6093…Marc Fortier

2672…Marc Ostrowski

3437…Marc Patry

341…Marc Primeau

2178…Marc Rose

4847…Marc-Andre Blais

6148…Marcel Lachance

5769…Marcella Ost

5492…Marci Dearing

4440…Marg Macgillivray

893…Margaret Davidson

2321…Margaret Elliott

5003…Margaret Lerhe

1903…Margaret Meroni

3398…Margaret Michalski

1542…Margarita Gorbounova

6360…Maria Pooley

119…Marian Coke

1070…Marian McMahon

1497…Marie Cousineau

5000…Marie-Elaine Morency

4944…Marielle Lloyd

3568…Marilyn Warren

2980…Mario Villemaire

3793…Marion Brulot

3744…Marissa Turner

3948…Mark Boyle

2788…Mark Burchell

651…Mark Garland

2183…Mark Karssing

4060…Mark McGill

2324…Mark McKennirey

4335…Mark Nickerson

6410…Mark Perry

1634…Mark Seaby

4143…Mark Whiting

1770…Marketa Graham

4896…Marsha Stapleton

1556…Marta Monaghan

6347…Martha McGrath

5075…Martha Tobin

4956…Martin Cheliak

2823…Martin Dinan

3217…Martin Fournier

2513…Martin Plante

4482…Martin Sullivan

4923…Martina McGinn

5713…Martine Lalonde

2159…Marty Clement

1527…Marwan Dirani

1958…Mary Ann Tippett

5292…Mary Catherine Jack

1681…Mary Haller

6132…Mary Jarvis

1116…Mary Jean Price

5945…Mary Kate Williamson

1083…Mary Murphy

1891…Mary-Anne Doyle

3438…Mathew Pearson

5331…Mathieu Ansell

5195…Mathieu Perron

2681…Matin Fazelpour

3608…Matt Harris

2454…Matt Mulligan

2512…Matt Nicol

2928…Matt Parenteau

6455…Matt Peake

1914…Matt Woods

301…Matthew Beausoleil

5028…Matthew Bonneville

3104…Matthew Chan

5254…Matthew Gaudet

1265…Matthew Jackson

6188…Matthew McClare

2696…Matthew Parent

1105…Matthew Payne

4209…Matthew Pearce

1459…Matthew Perkins

2434…Matthew Russell

3738…Matthew Tate

5536…Maureen Feagan

3757…Maureen Kilpatrick

3488…Mauricio Salgado

1572…Max Ross

6429…Max Torque

6247…Maya Shrestha

6135…Mazen Kassis

3896…Meagan Campbell

1080…Meagan Morris

4396…Meaghan Curran

2186…Megan Cain

5012…Meghan Adams

716…Meghan Graham

4497…Meghan Joiner

2227…Meghan Verheyen

4800…Meghna Isloor

3100…Melanie Caulfield

5448…Melanie Chedore

4319…Melanie Hooper

5760…Melinda Neufeld

5600…Melissa Hammell

4616…Melissa Toupin

1194…Melissa White

6465…Michael Anstey

504…Michael Bassett

168…Michael Blois

3693…Michael Cathcart

3132…Michael Corneau

5518…Michael D'asti

1393…Michael Dawson

2181…Michael Dent

2438…Michael Eby

3836…Michael Gale

2845…Michael Gilligan

2631…Michael Hansen

6118…Michael Hay

1337…Michael Hewett

5617…Michael Hogan

4910…Michael Keleher

43…Michael Lau

6161…Michael Leahey

1313…Michael Lynch

5710…Michael Maranto

4376…Michael Maruca

4450…Michael McAuley

6408…Michael McCarthy

2912…Michael McNeill

551…Michael Nixon

1454…Michael Purcell

2000…Michael Reece

5163…Michael Roach

705…Michael Rueter

4751…Michael Skuce

5129…Michael Stomphorst

4621…Michael Strangelove

2991…Michael Yetman

3048…Michel Bouchard

1794…Michel Gagnon

1370…Michel Gallant

6425…Michel Pinault

5285…Michele Goshulak

1124…Michele Robertson

5676…Micheline Lalonde

4261…Micheline Mathon

3112…Michelle Cicalo

4617…Michelle Comeau

6463…Michelle Cowin

4256…Michelle Hart

990…Michelle Keough

267…Michelle Lacroix-Finnamore

3893…Michelle Legault

5719…Michelle McAuliffe

3490…Michelle Saunders

545…Michelle Swanson

6282…Michelle Wallace

3102…Mike Chambers

1233…Mike Corbett

3145…Mike Cummings

2830…Mike Elston

3271…Mike Henry

6472…Mike Herzog

3283…Mike Hopper

4818…Mike Jazzar

1590…Mike Johnstone

5668…Mike Kowal

1012…Mike Lavery

3373…Mike Mazerolle

2624…Mike McCluskie

2054…Mike McInerney

1108…Mike Peralta

1410…Mike Seufert

2165…Mike Todd

1838…Mike Vodden

3574…Mike White

752…Mike Whitty

2334…Mike Yates

1439…Mikhail Gorbounov

2552…Milko Rivera

4233…Millie Mirsky

4605…Miriam Harmon

19…Mitch Robinson

6342…Mitchell Kitagawa

6481…Mitchell Niles

4746…Molly Van Der Schee

3336…Mona Lamontagne

2898…Monica Martinez

1612…Monique Giroux

399…Monique Simon-Fletcher

2611…Morgan Williams

1045…M-Rosa Mangone-Laboccetta

4778…Mudita Srivastava

2279…Muneeba Adil Omar

3962…Murielle Cassidy

6251…Murray Smith

4928…Mylene Gagnon

782…Myra Gregor

3402…Nada Milosevic

5898…Nadine Tischhauser

2276…Nadir Masood

6089…Nahielly Fernandez

5368…Nancy Amos

3251…Nancy C Green

4392…Nancy Colton

3171…Nancy Dlouhy

532…Nancy Faraday-Smith

6447…Nancy Ferguson

5550…Nancy Fowler

3339…Nancy Lau

248…Nancy Macdonell

4222…Nancy Perron

4536…Naomi Atwood

3332…Nardine Kwasny

2353…Natalie Aucoin

384…Natalie Benischek

814…Natalie Clouthier

1406…Natalie Giroux

5811…Natalie Quimper

4947…Natalie Tomas

4249…Natalina L'orfano

2795…Natasha Carraro

4613…Natasha Kekre

88…Nathalie Gauthier

127…Nathan Aligizakis

5827…Nathan Rotman

2035…Neal Cody

6036…Neale Chisnall

1889…Negin Hatam

4475…Neiges Senechal

94…Neil Cachero

6379…Neil Wilson

4045…Nelson Lewis

3601…

3761…Nia Bruno-Gibson

4811…Nicholas Charney

1761…Nicholas Malboeuf

3955…Nick Brunette-D'souza

1942…Nick Jasperse

203…Nick Leswick

1505…Nick Neuheimer

5835…Nicky Saldanha

2686…Nicolas Renart

1419…Nicole Beumer

5431…Nicole Byrne

5104…Nicole Delaney

5511…Nicole Duguay

2085…Nicole Dupras

2055…Nicole Macdonald

2916…Nicole Mikhael

6461…Nicole Settimi

3760…Nikki Steele

4415…Nina Franchina

4210…Nina Marrello

4963…Nissa Hale

6484…No Name, See Sportstats

5541…No Name, See Sportstats

3862…No Name, See Sportstats

3688…Norman Yanofsky

1523…Normand Bellemare

2390…Omer Majeed

3080…Ondina Buttle

3787…Orit Fruchtman

4883…Osmani Gomez

2041…Owen Berringer

6162…Paddy Leahy

838…Pamela Biron

3219…Pamela Fralick

5988…Panchanadam Athmaraman

4618…Parastoo Badie

1308…Pascal Demers

1869…Pascal Ilboudo

5533…Pat Farley

1560…Patricia Auger

6420…Patricia Chartrand

950…Patricia Hachey

4786…Patricia Henry

4859…Patricia Lovett

5919…Patricia Wait

4756…Patrick Boyle

6013…Patrick Brean

5432…Patrick Byrne

3208…Patrick Finn

2687…Patrick Haggart

5311…Patrick Hill

9…Patrick Kirby

206…Patrick Marion

5744…Patrick Miron

6222…Patrick Pickering

2137…Patrick Sabourin

5561…Patti Gamble

285…Paul Alexander

5089…Paul Allen

5136…Paul Brennan

2571…Paul Buck

5270…Paul Cachia

4375…Paul Cameron

1529…Paul Coyle

1485…Paul Crabtree

3151…Paul Dalgleish

3160…Paul Denys

5288…Paul Dickson

100…Paul Foley

2882…Paul Lawless

1042…Paul Macneil

4447…Paul Malvern

2902…Paul Masson

133…Paul McAneney

5132…Paul McKeague

1365…Paul Robinson

4103…Paul Rosenberg

2957…Paul Steeves

2965…Paul Tessier

6274…Paul Verbrugge

5006…Paul Von Schoenberg

2058…Paula Burchat

5571…Paula Gherasim

6334…Paula Hall

1112…Paula Piilonen

1307…Paule Couet

3702…Paulette Schatz

2760…Peter Bayne

1896…Peter Cho-Wing

6078…Peter Dyer

2847…Peter Green

2852…Peter Hammond

1874…Peter Harrison

6139…Peter Kielstra

6156…Peter Laughton

2890…Peter Linkletter

1779…Peter Locke

2901…Peter Mason

5732…Peter Meneguzzi

2919…Peter Morel

4866…Peter Race

1972…Peter Way

2240…Peter Wismer

1626…Phat Nguyen

5196…Phay Mui

2308…Phil King

5343…Philip Cartwright

6029…Philip Chambers

807…Phillip Drouillard

3197…Phillip Edwards

1709…Phuc Duong

4571…Pierre C Tessier

4966…Pierre Michaud

6159…Pierrick Le Monnier

3753…Pradiv Sooriyadevan

2946…Prichya Sethchindapong

215…Quinn Murphy

3699…Quinn Russell

4873…Rachel Fahlman

3343…Rachelle Leblanc

3417…Rajkumar Nagarajan

2999…Ramy Abaskharoun

1628…Randy Bentham

836…Randy Biberdorf

14…Randy Fontaine

5721…Randy McElligott

6473…Randy Reilly

5854…Ratnesh Singh

3051…Raymond Boucher

4594…Raymond Lamarre

1007…Raymonde Langevin

3177…Rebecca Dorval

2382…Rebecca Fleming

3533…Rebekah Swatton

1050…Regan Mathurin

2398…Reginald Theriault

2778…Remi Bourlon

6293…Remy Boyer

1044…Renata Manchak

4496…Rene Danis

2182…Rene Gilbert

4252…Rene Yaraskavitch

4718…Renee Gobeil

4036…Renee Lamoureux

3549…Renee Maria Tremblay

3053…Rene-Louis Bourgeau

2900…Reza Mashkoori

5369…Rhiannon Andersen

226…Rhiannon Vogl

4997…Rhona Macinnis

6052…Ric Davey

1865…Ricahrd Leblanc

2894…Rich Manery

66…Richard Beare

4212…Richard Bolduc

2776…Richard Bourassa

868…Richard Cheng

30…Richard Durant

2994…Richard Gilbert

4008…Richard Hanson

4046…Richard Lewis

2204…Richard Schmidt

2954…Richard Starcevic

6369…Richard Tanguay

3563…Richard Wall

51…Rick Collard

3172…Rick Dobson

3756…Rick Leblanc

1092…Rick O'shaughnessy

4759…Riley Hennessey

3783…Rima M. Zabian

5239…Rob Blackler

1247…Rob Brooks

2813…Rob Criger

5643…Rob Joseph

5169…Rob Linke

2030…Rob Pitcher

115…Rob Thomas

431…Robert Adolfson

4164…Robert Balma

4595…Robert Bolduc

3066…Robert Brown

5452…Robert Christie

6039…Robert Coleman

1221…Robert Dupuis

2623…Robert Gallaher

6502…Robert Gibb

2524…Robert Kalbfleisch

143…Robert Knights

2884…Robert Lee

1062…Robert McGrath

3415…Robert Moulie

1799…Robert Reid

1465…Robert Schwartz

4112…Robert Shaw

2701…Robert Smith

2660…Roberto Renon

1473…Robin Cote

2358…Robin Lavigne

1144…Robin Sheedy

4247…Rockey Whitmore

4264…Rodney Bickford

4735…Roger Hunter

2879…Roger Langevin

3434…Roger Pankhurst

12…Roger Wyllie

232…Roger Zemek

3605…Romano Panopio

2316…Ron Folk

5632…Ron Jande

4068…Ron Mierau

142…Ron Schwartz

5437…Ronald Carnahan

1204…Rory Gibbons

2208…Rory Martin

4180…Rose Marie Jackson

5782…Rose Parent

1557…Rosina Mauro

4602…Ross Morrell

4683…Ross Osborne

4360…Roxanne Harper

4092…Rue Quizon

2416…Russell McDonnell

4992…Ruth Gmehlin

4393…Ruthanne Corley

6104…Ryan Gilchrist

3236…Ryan Gillies

5659…Ryan Kidman

1464…Ryan McEachran

2654…Ryan Smith

2162…Ryan Walker

1462…Sabrina Mehes

5095…Sabrina Quraeshi

2502…Safeta Nalic

1659…Samanta Jacques-Arsenault

4972…Samantha De Benedet

973…Samantha Hunter

6301…Samira Afrand

358…Samuel Galante

2020…Sander Post

634…Sandi Wright

3057…Sandra Boyko

873…Sandra Chong

4709…Sandra Macleod

3409…Sandra Moorman

3717…Sandra Nevill

62…Sandy Dale

4978…Sandy Macleod

3701…Sandy Whittaker

898…Sanja Denic

2640…Sara Krenosky

4771…Sara Leblond

3551…Sara Tubman

1460…Sarah Abrahams

3801…Sarah Carkner

518…Sarah Dolan

905…Sarah Dooley

4783…Sarah Murdoch

2196…Sarah Payne

508…Sarah Powers

4805…Sarah Rietschlin

5844…Sarah Scott

6488…Sarah Smith

6418…Sarah Spencer

1387…Sarah Taylor

5972…Sarah Wiles

6297…Saskia Meuffels

1372…Satvinder Bawa

2762…Scott Beauchamp

1540…Scott Bowen

5460…Scott Colvin

5508…Scott Doran

6077…Scott Duxbury

6474…Scott Ellis

3206…Scott Felman

5317…Scott Guenther

1468…Scott Rowland

6241…Scott Rudan

3547…Scott Townley

1063…Sean McGrath

4968…Sean Moore

5773…Sean O'Brien

2472…Sean O'Brien

1679…Sean O'Reilly

3847…Sean Spence

2301…Sebastian Citro

2963…Sebastien Taillefer

872…Sera Chiuchiarelli

2655…Sereena Trottier

3467…Serge Richard

6258…Serge Sylvestre

2680…Shane Leston

3639…Shannon Bush

5076…Shannon Fitzpatrick

316…Shannon Malcolm

4721…Shannon Olson

4469…Shannon Renaud

2281…Shannon Weatherhead

3240…Shari Goodfellow

3427…Shari Nurse

3967…Sharon Chomyn

2997…Sharon Johnston

5507…Shaun Dolter

4869…Shauna Devlin

5589…Shauna Graham

2679…Shawn Bardell

2569…Shawn Murphy

4459…Shawn Murray

5834…Shawn Rycroft

3846…Shawntel Burt

1853…Shehryar Sarwar

3031…Sheila Barth

4553…Sheila Currie

5091…Sheila Forward-Davis

4062…Sheila McIsaac

6353…Sheila Osborne-Brown

265…Sheila Reid

4298…Sheila Robertson

5177…Shelley Brown

3103…Shelley Chambers

4819…Shelley McDonald

4713…Shelley Sourges

4954…Shena Riff

4022…Shereen Ismael

2264…Sheri McCready

4925…Sherri Wilson

679…Sherry Strowbridge

2170…Sheryl Urie

1011…She-Yang Lau-Chapdelaine

3909…Shirley Trottier

3685…Shirley Ward

4719…Sian Williams

4181…Silvana Di Gaetano

1312…Silvia Zanon

6391…Simon Good

4887…Simon Hart

5107…Simon Keneford

1128…Simon Roussin

1310…Siobhan Jones

4643…Solita Pacheco

3360…Sondra Macdonald

4417…Sonia Granzer

4853…Sophie Amberg

5153…Sophie Breton

3248…Sophie Gravel

4072…Soraya Moghadam

1749…Sotero Ramirez

1420…Stacey Beumer

3951…Stacey Brennan

128…Stacey Lance

6283…Staci Walsh

2460…Stacie Carey

279…Stacy Kauk

1818…Stan Druskis

2689…Steeve Pratte

6356…Stefania Parnanzone

183…Stephane Castonguay

850…Stephanie Brodeur

726…Stephanie Dowling

5567…Stephanie Gauthier

2716…Stephanie Gordon

501…Stephanie Howard-Davies

3299…Stephanie Jack

2132…Stephanie Johnson

809…Stephanie Kinsella

1970…Stephanie Semeniuk

4744…Stephanie Vanderpool

6279…Stephanie Vivier

105…Stephen Anderson

6008…Stephen Bignucolo

1624…Stephen Bisson

2205…Stephen Jacobsen

5677…Stephen Laplante

2197…Stephen Lee

1520…Stephen Richards

3590…Stephen Woroszczuk

5376…Steve Astels

2282…Steve Duncan

6466…Steve Findlay

2837…Steve Forrest

109…Steve McCready

136…Steve Ross

729…Steven Dell

2217…Steven Graham

2554…Steven Guillemette

4938…Steven Hawken

3554…Steven Turner

20…Stuart Jolliffe

5680…Stuart Laubstein

2169…Stuart Ludwig

2531…Stuart Pursey

2074…Sue Haywood

4601…Sue Macpherson

6243…Suresh Sangarapillai

2193…Susan Atkinson

5377…Susan Atkinson

192…Susan Durrell

3205…Susan Farrell

4211…Susan Field

982…Susan Johnston

1002…Susan Lacosta

4994…Susan Lentini

3837…Susan Madden

5707…Susan Mak Chin

5818…Susan Richards

1444…Susan Thorne

5966…Susan Trimble

4248…Susan Whitmore

4449…Susie Mattson

3937…Suzanne Belzile

6116…Suzanne Harrison

4113…Suzanne Shaw

2859…Sylvain Huard

6182…Sylvain Marquis

3911…Sylvia Duffy

3680…Sylvia Manning

3800…Sylvie Chartrand

4820…Sylvie Gauthier

4304…Sylvie Lee

420…Sylvie Secours

2594…Sylvie Swim

6375…T Van Veen

3535…Takuya Tazawa

396…Tamara Marshall

3676…Tamara Sorley

3154…Tammey Degrandpre

3994…Tammy Frye

4728…Tan Vo

5092…Tania Willliams

3995…Tanya Frye

5393…Tara Benjamin

1207…Tara Lawrence

4542…Tara Tucker

3316…Tarjinder Kainth

2582…Taunia Curtis

1720…Taylor Bildstein

593…Ted Damen

6511…Ted Radstake

313…Teri Adamthwaite

6403…Terrence McDonald

3045…Terri Bolster

1015…Terri-Lee Lefebvre

5187…Terry Archer

5530…Terry Evans

1909…Terry Kruyk

3407…Terry Monger

5756…Terry Muldoon

1115…Terry Porter

349…Terry Vipond

6248…Terry-Lynn Sigouin

2383…Theresa Grant

2087…Thomas Benak

2675…Thomas Leung

4734…Thomas Norris

3475…Thomas Robinson

3486…Thomas Ryan

2209…Thomas Timlin

5905…Tiffanie Tri

3277…Tiffany Holland

4673…Tiffany Mullen

5997…Tim Barber

1737…Tim Hobbs

2862…Tim Irwin

3503…Tim Shreve

3344…Timon Ledain

607…Timothy Trant

6061…Tina Dennis

919…Tina Fallis

959…Tina Head

2298…Tj Sullivan

4822…Toby Fyfe

3668…Todd Coopee

1756…Todd Hicks

1641…Todd Saunders

2589…Todd Somerville

3052…Tom Boudreau

6096…Tom Fowler

5077…Tom Papai

1875…Tom Volk

1095…Tong Pang

3342…Tonja Leach

2257…Tony Redican

6268…Tony Tran

6330…Torri Gunn

323…Tracey Aker

1131…Tracie Royal

5467…Tracy Corneau

680…Tracy Gagnon

2435…Tracy Parker

4727…Tram Vo

6285…Travis Webb

344…Treena Grevatt

290…Trevor Beaudoin

6333…Trevor Hains

3310…Trevor Johnson

1206…Trey Hausmann

2786…Tricia Brown

5392…Trina Bender

4687…Trish Van Bolderen

1600…Tristyn Head

2042…Troy White

6421…Tudor Hera

901…Tyler Dickerson

400…Upendra Moholkar

2153…Vada Cavanagh

3333…Val Lafranchise

694…Valerie Kowal

5038…Valerie Lemieux

1623…Valerie Simon

3062…Vanessa Brochet

3956…Vanessa Buchanan

4901…Vanessa Evans

4066…Vanessa Mendoza

4255…Veleda Turner

3575…Vernon White

2202…Veronic Bezaire

391…Veronica S. Gerson

3043…Veronique Boily

309…Vi Ha

824…Vic Baker

5205…Vicki Plant

6145…Victor Krawczuk

321…Victoria Lemon

4731…Viet Nguyen

3958…Viola Caissy

2269…Wade Oldford

3519…Wade Smith

5780…Walter Pamic

3588…Walter Wood

5944…Wayne Williams

1407…Wendall Hughes

5139…Wendy Gutzman

4048…Wendy Low

4881…Wendy Page

552…Wendy Taylor

6280…Wendy Wagner

3789…Wilfred Gilchrist

3507…Will Simmering

3531…Will Summers

3596…Will Youngson

871…William Chisholm

5749…William Morley

4733…Wilma Berti

5537…Winter Fedyk

2548…Yan Xu

4146…Yan Zawisza

6352…Yoga Naraine

4116…Yolande Simoneau

6094…Yves Fortin

714…Yvon Carriere

211…Zach McKeown

5339…Zachary Leung

 

American postcard by Fotofolio, New York, no. HR 73. Photo: Herb Ritts. Caption: Al Pacino, New York City, 1992.

 

During the 1970s, American actor Al Pacino (1940) established himself with such films as The Godfather (1972), Serpico (1973), The Godfather: Part II (1974) and Dog Day Afternoon (1975). In the following decades, he became an enduring icon of American cinema. He won the Triple Crown of Acting: an Oscar for Best Actor for Scent of a Woman (1992); a Tony for Best Supporting Actor in the play 'Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie?' (1969) and for Best Actor in the play 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' (1977); and an Emmy for Best Actor in the Miniseries Angels in America (2003).

 

Alfredo James 'Al' Pacino was born in 1940 in Manhattan, New York City, to Italian-American parents, Rose (nee Gerardi) and Sal Pacino, who worked as an insurance agent. His maternal grandfather was born in Corleone, Sicily. His parents divorced when he was two years old. His mother moved them into his grandparents' home in the South Bronx. In his teenage years, Pacino was known as 'Sonny' to his friends. Pacino found himself often repeating the plots and voices of characters he had seen in films. Bored and unmotivated in school, he found a haven in school plays, and his interest soon blossomed into a full-time career. He attended the High School of the Performing Arts until he dropped out at age 17. In 1962, Pacino's mother died at the age of 43. The following year, his grandfather James also died. Starting onstage, he went through a period of depression and poverty, sometimes having to borrow bus fare to succeed to auditions. He made it into the prestigious Actors Studio in 1966, studying under Lee Strasberg, creator of the Method Approach that would become the trademark of many 1970s-era actors. After appearing in a string of plays in supporting roles, Pacino finally attained success off-Broadway with Israel Horovitz's 'The Indian Wants the Bronx', winning an Obie Award for the 1966-1967 season. He was also nominated for a Best Actor Obie for 'Why Is a Crooked Letter' (1966). That was followed by a Tony Award for 'Does the Tiger Wear a Necktie?' Pacino was a longtime member of David Wheeler's Theatre Company of Boston, for which he performed in 'Richard III' in Boston (1972-1973) and at the Cort Theater in New York City (1979). He also appeared in their productions of Bertolt Brecht's 'Arturo Ui' at the Charles Theater in Boston in 1975 and later in New York and London, and in David Rabe's 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' at the Longacre Theater in New York in 1977. At the age of 29, he made his film debut with a supporting part in Me, Natalie (Fred Coe, 1969) featuring Patty Duke. In 1970, Pacino signed with the talent agency Creative Management Associates (CMA). He gained favourable notice for his first lead role as a heroin addict in The Panic in Needle Park (Jerry Schatzberg, 1971). These first feature films made little departure from the gritty, realistic stage performances that earned him respect. Then came the role of Michael Corleone in The Godfather (Francis Ford Coppola, 1972). It was one of the most sought-after of the time: Robert Redford, Warren Beatty, Jack Nicholson, Ryan O'Neal, Robert De Niro, and a host of other actors either wanted it or were mentioned. Pacino was rejected repeatedly by studio heads for the role, but Francis Ford Coppola fought for him. Coppola was successful, but Pacino was reportedly in constant fear of being fired during the very difficult shoot. Ironically, The Godfather (1972) was a monster hit that earned Pacino his first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. It turned out to be the breakthrough for both Pacino and director Francis Ford Coppola.

 

Instead of taking on easier projects for the big money after this success, Al Pacino threw his support behind what he considered tough but important films. In 1973, Pacino co-starred in Scarecrow (Jerry Schatzberg, 1973) with Gene Hackman and won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. He also starred in the true-life crime drama Serpico (Sidney Lumet, 1973) and the tragic real-life bank robbery film Dog Day Afternoon (Sidney Lumet, 1975). In between, he returned as Michael Corleone in The Godfather: Part II (Francis Ford Coppola, 1974), the first sequel ever to win the Best Picture Oscar. For these three films, Pacino was nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award. In 1977, he also won his second Tony Award as Best Actor (Play) for 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' (1977). He faltered slightly with Bobby Deerfield (Sydney Pollack, 1977) but regained his stride with ...and justice for all. (Norman Jewison, 1979), for which he received another Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Unfortunately, this would signal the beginning of a decline in his career, which produced flops like the controversial Cruising (William Friedkin, 1980) and the comedy-drama Author! Author! (Arthur Hiller, 1982). Pacino cemented his legendary status with his role as Cuban drug lord Tony Montana in the ultra-violent cult film Scarface (Brian De Palma, 1983. Pedro Borges at IMDb: "A monumental mistake was about to follow. Revolution (Hugh Hudson, 1985) endured an endless and seemingly cursed shoot in which equipment was destroyed, the weather was terrible, and Pacino fell ill with pneumonia. Constant changes in the script further derailed the project. The Revolutionary War-themed film, considered among the worst films ever made, resulted in awful reviews and kept him off the screen for the next four years." Returning to the stage, Pacino did much to give back and contribute to the theatre, which he considers his first love. He directed a film, The Local Stigmatic (1990), but it remains unreleased. He lifted his self-imposed exile playing a hard-drinking policeman in the striking Sea of Love (Harold Becker, 1989), with Ellen Barkin. This marked the second phase of Pacino's career, being the first to feature his now famous dark, owl eyes and hoarse, gravelly voice.

 

Returning to the Corleones, Al Pacino made The Godfather: Part III (Francis Ford Coppola, 1990) and earned raves for his first comedic role in the colorful adaptation Dick Tracy (Warren Beatty, 1990). This earned him another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, and two years later, he was nominated for Glengarry Glen Ross (James Foley, 1992). He went into romantic mode for Frankie and Johnny (Garry Marshall, 1991) with Michelle Pfeiffer. In 1992, he finally won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his amazing performance as the blind U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman (Martin Brest, 1992). A mixture of technical perfection and charisma, the role was tailor-made for him and remains a classic. The next few years would see Pacino becoming more comfortable with acting and films as a business, turning out great roles in great films with more frequency and less of the demanding personal involvement of his wilder days. Carlito's Way (Brian De Palma, 1993) with Sean Penn proved to be another gangster classic, as did the epic crime drama Heat (Michael Mann, 1995) co-starring Robert De Niro. He directed the theatrical docudrama Looking for Richard (1996), a performance of selected scenes of Shakespeare's Richard III and a broader examination of Shakespeare's continuing role and relevance in popular culture. In Donnie Brasco (Mike Newell, 1997), Pacino played gangster 'Lefty' in the true story of undercover FBI agent Donnie Brasco (Johnny Depp) and his work in bringing down the Mafia from the inside. Pacino played Satan in the supernatural thriller The Devil's Advocate (Taylor Hackford, 1997), which co-starred Keanu Reeves. The film was a success at the box office, making US$150 million worldwide. He also gave commanding performances in The Insider (Michael Mann, 1999) with Russell Crowe and Any Given Sunday (Oliver Stone, 1999) opposite Cameron Diaz.

 

Al Pacino co-starred with Hillary Swank and Robin Williams in the mystery thriller Insomnia (Christopher Nolan, 2002), a remake of the Norwegian film of the same name. Pacino starred as Shylock in Michael Radford's film adaptation of The Merchant of Venice (2004), choosing to bring compassion and depth to a character traditionally played as a villainous caricature. In the 2000s, he starred in several theatrical blockbusters, including Ocean's Thirteen (Steven Soderbergh, 2007) with George Clooney and Brad Pitt, but his choice in television roles like the vicious, closeted Roy Cohn in the HBO miniseries Angels in America (Tony Kushner, 2003) and his sensitive portrayal of Jack Kevorkian, in the television film You Don't Know Jack (Barry Levinson, 2010), are reminiscent of the bolder choices of his early career. Each television project garnered him an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie. Recently, Pacino starred alongside Brad Pitt and Leonardo DiCaprio in Quentin Tarantino's comedy-drama Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019), and he co-starred with Robert De Niro in Martin Scorsese's Netflix film The Irishman (2019). He will play Meyer Offerman, a fictional Nazi hunter, in the Amazon Video series Hunters. Never wed, Pacino has a daughter, Julie Marie, with acting teacher Jan Tarrant, and a set of twins with former longtime girlfriend Beverly D'Angelo. His romantic history includes Veruschka von Lehndorff, Jill Clayburgh, Debra Winger, Tuesday Weld, Marthe Keller, Carmen Cervera, Kathleen Quinlan, Lyndall Hobbs, Penelope Ann Miller, and a two-decade intermittent relationship with Godfather co-star Diane Keaton. Since 2007, Al Pacino has lived with Argentinian actress Lucila Solá, who is 36 years his junior. In 2007, the American Film Institute awarded Pacino with a lifetime achievement award.

 

Sources: Pedro Borges (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

inspired by the brush strokes of Andy Donohue

Shafston House comprises a group of buildings constructed between 1851 and the 1930s, set in substantial grounds with frontage to the Brisbane River. The main house was constructed in several stages between 1851 and 1904.

 

The southern part of Kangaroo Point along the riverfront as far as Norman Creek was surveyed into acreage allotments by James Warner in mid-1850. The Rev. Robert Creyke (Church of England) purchased from the Crown two of these allotments (eastern suburban allotments 44 and 45) containing just over 10¾ acres with frontage to the Brisbane River, just within the Brisbane town boundary. A deed of grant was issued to him in November 1851. On portion 44 he constructed a single-storeyed house that he called Ravenscott. Creyke joined a number of Brisbane's early gentry and pastoralists from the hinterland who, in the 1840s and 1850s, established town estates along the Brisbane River, most of them just outside the official town boundaries. These included Newstead (1846) near Breakfast Creek, Toogoolawah (later Bulimba, 1849-50) across the river from Newstead, Riversdale (now Mowbray Park, early 1850s), Milton (c1852 or 1853) just beyond the western town boundary and Eskgrove (1853) downstream from Shafston and Riversdale.

 

An 1851 sketch of Ravenscott attributed to visiting artist Conrad Martins shows a long, single-storeyed, low-set residence with verandahs and hipped roof, overlooking the Brisbane River. The grounds were mostly cleared and included outbuildings, the whole enclosed by a post and rail fence.

 

In December 1852 Creyke's Kangaroo Point property was transferred to Darling Downs pastoralist and politician Henry Stuart Russell, who in his memoires states that he 'completed' the house and re-named it Shafston, likely after his wife's birthplace in Jamaica. This implies that the core of Shafston House incorporates the earlier Ravenscott. Russell also purchased a number of neighbouring blocks to create a town riverine estate of over 44 acres (17.6 hectares).

 

In April 1854 Russell advertised Shafston for letting or sale. At this time the house, constructed of brick and stone, contained a drawing room and dining room separated by folding doors, five large bedrooms, closets and a roomy pantry. A passage 67 feet long ran nearly the length of the house. Beneath the drawing room was a stone dairy, larder and wine-cellar 8 feet high. There was a verandah 160 feet in length. At the rear, attached via a covered way, was a brick service block, which included a large kitchen (stone flagged), two servants' bedrooms, large laundry, store rooms and offices. Off the laundry was a drying yard enclosed by a paling fence. A large brick outbuilding contained a two-stall stables, coach-house, harness room and 2 grooms' rooms, with a loft over all. Other improvements included a fowl-house, well and a garden of about 3 acres enclosed by a paling fence. The whole property, which comprised approximately 44 acres, was enclosed with a four-rail hardwood fence. Most of the improvements had been made within the previous 18 months (that is, since late 1852 when Russell had acquired the property).

 

Shafston did not sell in 1854 and was offered for sale again in October 1855. By this time Russell had vacated the premises and it was operating as a boarding house. The ground floor comprised 8 rooms, staircase and china closet and had hardwood joists and flooring. There was a verandah front and back, the front verandah being 56 feet long and 10 feet wide, under which there were three spacious cellars. French doors opened onto the front verandah. The dining and drawing rooms were separated by folding doors. The attic contained three rooms, two of which were large enough to make suitable bedrooms 'if required'. This suggests that the 5 bedrooms mentioned in the 1854 advertisement were all located on the ground floor. Attached was a kitchen, servants' rooms and pantry, with a verandah at the front. There was a substantial stable 25 feet by 15 feet.

 

Again the property did not sell. Tenants in the 1850s included Nehemiah Bartley and Brisbane solicitor Daniel Foley Roberts and his family.

 

A sketch of Shafston dated c1858 shows a substantial, single-storeyed house with a front verandah, a high-pitched roof, attic rooms and three dormer windows overlooking the Brisbane River.

 

Title to the estate was transferred to grazier and sugar-grower Louis Hope in October 1859. It appears that Hope did not reside at Shafston. Gilbert Eliot, Speaker of the Queensland Parliament, tenanted Shafston House from 1860 to 1871 and tenants in the 1870s included William Barker of Telemon Station and Dr and Mrs Henry Challinor.

 

In 1875 Hope subdivided the property and in late 1876, during William Barker's tenancy, Shafston House on just over 4 acres (1.6 hectares) of riverfront land was advertised for sale. The house contained 9 rooms on the ground floor and had changed little since 1854: a brick and stone house with a roof of hardwood shingles and iron, drawing room ("the largest and coolest to be found in any private family in this colony"), dining room, five bedrooms, closets, dressing and bath rooms, kitchen and about six servants' apartments, a large brick stable with two stalls, coach-house, man's room and hay-house and galvanised iron and underground water storage tanks. No sale was transacted at this time and in August 1881 the same advertisement was run in the Brisbane Courier.

 

In mid-1883 Shafston House was transferred to Mary Jane Foster, wife of Charles Milne Foster of Brisbane ironmongers Foster and Kelk. Foster had learnt the family ironmongery business in Lincoln, Yorkshire and after emigrating to Queensland he established in Brisbane with his brother-in-law the successful ironmongery firm of Foster and Kelk. The Fosters, who resided at Shafston House until 1896, reputedly remodelled the house in the early 1880s, the architect for this work thought to be former Queensland Colonial Architect, FDG Stanley. The remodelling at this period appears to have included replacing the verandahs in their present form, adding the entry portico and more elaborate and picturesque Gothic detailing. The bay windows also were probably added at this time.

 

In the late 1890s and early 1900s the house was occupied sequentially by tenants EB Bland, manager of the BISN Company; John F McMullen; and William Gray of Webster & Co.

 

By 1903 pastoralist James Henry McConnel of Cressbrook in the Brisbane River Valley, had occupied Shafston House as his family's town house. Title to the property was transferred to him in 1904 and in that year he commissioned noted Brisbane architect Robin Smith Dods to undertake a third renovation of the house. Dods' contribution appears to have been the elaborate timber work in the front hall and the two main public rooms (drawing and dining rooms) and likely the windows in the dormers. His work includes decorative elements like the fireplaces, timber fretwork to the entrance and the cupboard below the stair.

 

Shafston House remained the McConnel home until c1913 and in 1915 it was leased to the Creche and Kindergarten Association as a teacher training centre.

 

In 1919, in the aftermath of the Great War of 1914-1918, the property was acquired by the Commonwealth government and converted into an Anzac Hostel for the care and treatment of totally and permanently incapacitated ex-servicemen. Anzac Hostels were established in most Australian states at this period.

 

At this time the property consisted of the main house, kitchen block, stables and a bush house. The 1919 alterations were extensive. The main house initially served both hostel and administrative functions, with the former drawing room being converted into a ward, the dining room retaining its original function and the bedrooms occupied as nurses room, matron's room, etc. A study and a bedroom at the western end of the house were combined by the removal of a wall to create a recreation room. The attic level, which in 1919 was a single open space, was partitioned into bedrooms for nurses and a box room, with the landing retained as a common room. The kitchen courtyard was roofed and two new rooms were constructed in that space. A timber laundry block was constructed to the south of the kitchen and the stables were converted into orderlies' quarters.

 

To accommodate the returned servicemen a large open-sided ward block was erected in the terraced front grounds to the northeast of the house in 1919, connected to the house via a covered way. This single-storeyed building was high-set on stumps with an attached ablutions block on the eastern side. It demonstrated aspects of public health theory, especially the benefits of fresh air in the recuperative process and in maintaining good health, popular at the time. Theory was translated into practice in a number of government designs for public buildings such as open-sided school blocks and hospital wards in the 1910s and early 1920s.

 

Anzac Hostel received its first patients on 19 July 1920 and functioned as a repatriation hospital until c1969.

 

In the late 1920s and 1930s the Commonwealth subdivided and sold the southern part of the property, reducing the house grounds to just over 2 acres (0.8 hectare). At this time the early brick stables building, which was located on the subdivided land, was demolished and replaced in 1928 by a small timber building constructed to the northwest of the house as quarters for orderlies working at the hostel. This building comprised three rooms and a verandah and toilets at the rear. The 1919 laundry block was moved to a position just east of the kitchen block and a new garage was constructed in the southwest corner of the remaining grounds, near Thorn Street.

 

In 1937 the East Brisbane Postal Depot was constructed for the Postmaster General's Department in the southwest corner of the property, between Thorn Street and the hostel garage. It comprised a single room, 14 feet by 12½ feet. A large 'L'-shaped extension was erected in 1951, for use as a mail sorting room.

 

From 1969 to 1987 the place was occupied by the Royal Australian Air Force. The change in use necessitated a number of alterations to the fabric of the place, including rearrangements of offices, installation of a bar and fire-escapes, upgrading of bathroom facilities, new floor finishes, enclosure of verandahs and the enclosing of the previously open sub-floor in the main house. A garage and store were erected between the ward block and the river. Work to the grounds included new paving, new fences along the street frontages, new street entrances, new driveways, parking areas and tree planting along the Castlebar Street and southern boundaries. By 1981 the main house was used as an administrative headquarters and mess and as offices for the RAAF police; a Movement Control Centre had been established in the ward block; the headquarters of the Queensland Air Training Corps was located in the former kitchen block; the RAAF Public Relations and Photographic Section was accommodated in the garage/former postal depot; and the former orderlies building had been converted into a tavern.

 

In 1978 the cultural heritage significance of Shafston House was recognised by its inclusion in the Commonwealth Register of the National Estate and in the 1980s conservation work carried out on the main house.

 

In 1988 Shafston House was leased to a Brisbane entrepreneur under two consecutive ninety-nine year leases. After failing to gain local government approval for use of the property as a restaurant and function venue, the house was refurbished as a residence. The 1919 laundry was demolished and a new garage constructed adjacent to the early kitchen building. The ward block was refurbished, additional bathrooms installed in the house and changes were made to landscaping.

 

In 1994 the lease was transferred to another entrepreneur and in 1995/96 the property was redeveloped as part of the Shafston International College. The main house was refurbished, with some loss of reconstructed colour schemes, and the link to the kitchen wing enclosed with a new sitting room. Further substantial works were carried out to the grounds and other buildings in the grounds, including enclosure of the open-air ward. A concrete board walk and new retaining walls were installed on the river frontage to Brisbane City Council requirements.

 

The property was converted to freehold title between 1998 and 2002.

 

Source: Queensland Heritage Register.

Dutch collectors card in the series 'Filmsterren: een Portret' by Edito Service, 1993. Photo: Stars-Films. Al Pacino in Dog Day Afternoon (Sidney Lumet, 1975).

 

During the 1970s, American actor Al Pacino (1940) established himself with such films as The Godfather (1972), Serpico (1973), The Godfather: Part II (1974) and Dog Day Afternoon (1975). In the following decades, he became an enduring icon of the American cinema. He won the Triple Crown of Acting: an Oscar for Best Actor for Scent of a Woman (1992); a Tony for Best Supporting Actor in the play 'Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie?' (1969) and for Best Actor in the play 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' (1977); and an Emmy for Best Actor in the Miniseries Angels in America (2003).

 

Alfredo James "Al" 'Pacino was born in 1940 in Manhattan, New York City, to Italian-American parents, Rose (nee Gerardi) and Sal Pacino, who worked as an insurance agent. His maternal grandfather was born in Corleone, Sicily. His parents divorced when he was two years old. His mother moved them into his grandparents' home in the South Bronx. In his teenage years, Pacino was known as 'Sonny' to his friends. Pacino found himself often repeating the plots and voices of characters he had seen in films. Bored and unmotivated in school, he found a haven in school plays, and his interest soon blossomed into a full-time career. He attended the High School of the Performing Arts until he dropped out at age 17. In 1962, Pacino's mother died at the age of 43. The following year, his grandfather James also died. Starting onstage, he went through a period of depression and poverty, sometimes having to borrow bus fare to succeed to auditions. He made it into the prestigious Actors Studio in 1966, studying under Lee Strasberg, creator of the Method Approach that would become the trademark of many 1970s-era actors. After appearing in a string of plays in supporting roles, Pacino finally attained success off-Broadway with Israel Horovitz's 'The Indian Wants the Bronx', winning an Obie Award for the 1966-1967 season. He was also nominated for a Best Actor Obie for 'Why Is a Crooked Letter' (1966). That was followed by a Tony Award for 'Does the Tiger Wear a Necktie?' Pacino was a longtime member of David Wheeler's Theatre Company of Boston, for which he performed in 'Richard III' in Boston (1972-1973) and at the Cort Theater in New York City (1979). He also appeared in their productions of Bertolt Brecht's 'Aurturo Ui' at the Charles Theater in Boston in 1975 and later in New York and London, and in David Rabe's 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' at the Longacre Theater in New York in 1977. At the age of 29 he made his film debut with a supporting part in Me, Natalie (Fred Coe, 1969) featuring Patty Duke. In 1970, Pacino signed with the talent agency Creative Management Associates (CMA). He gained favourable notice for his first lead role as a heroin addict in The Panic in Needle Park (Jerry Schatzberg , 1971). These first feature films made little departure from the gritty realistic stage performances that earned him respect. Then came the role of Michael Corleone in The Godfather (Francis Ford Coppola, 1972). It was one of the most sought-after of the time: Robert Redford, Warren Beatty, Jack Nicholson, Ryan O'Neal, Robert De Niro and a host of other actors either wanted it or were mentioned. Pacino was rejected repeatedly by studio heads for the role, but Francis Ford Coppola fought for him. Coppola was successful but Pacino was reportedly in constant fear of being fired during the very difficult shoot. Ironically, The Godfather (1972) was a monster hit that earned Pacino his first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. It turned out to be the breakthrough for both Pacino and director Francis Ford Coppola.

 

Instead of taking on easier projects for the big money after this success, Al Pacino threw his support behind what he considered tough but important films. In 1973, Pacino co-starred in Scarecrow (Jerry Schatzberg, 1973), with Gene Hackman, and won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. He also starred in the true-life crime drama Serpico (Sidney Lumet, 1973) and the tragic real-life bank robbery film Dog Day Afternoon (Sidney Lumet, 1975). In between , he returned as Michael Corleone in The Godfather: Part II (Francis Ford Coppola, 1974), the first sequel ever to win the Best Picture Oscar. For these three films, Pacino was nominated three consecutive years for the Best Actor Academy Award. In 1977, he also won his second Tony Award as Best Actor (Play) for 'The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel' (1977). He faltered slightly with Bobby Deerfield (Sydney Pollack, 1977), but regained his stride with ...and justice for all. (Norman Jewison, 1979), for which he received another Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Unfortunately, this would signal the beginning of a decline in his career, which produced flops like the controversial Cruising (William Friedkin, 1980) and the comedy-drama Author! Author! (Arthur Hiller, 1982). Pacino cemented his legendary status with his role as Cuban drug lord Tony Montana in the ultra-violent cult film Scarface (Brian De Palma, 1983. Pedro Borges at IMDb: "a monumental mistake was about to follow. Revolution (Hugh Hudson, 1985) endured an endless and seemingly cursed shoot in which equipment was destroyed, weather was terrible, and Pacino fell ill with pneumonia. Constant changes in the script further derailed the project. The Revolutionary War-themed film, considered among the worst films ever made, resulted in awful reviews and kept him off the screen for the next four years." Returning to the stage, Pacino did much to give back and contribute to the theatre, which he considers his first love. He directed a film, The Local Stigmatic (1990), but it remains unreleased. He lifted his self-imposed exile playing a hard-drinking policeman in the striking Sea of Love (Harold Becker, 1989), with Ellen Barkin. This marked the second phase of Pacino's career, being the first to feature his now famous dark, owl eyes and hoarse, gravelly voice.

 

Returning to the Corleones, Al Pacino made The Godfather: Part III (Francis Ford Coppola, 1990) and earned raves for his first comedic role in the colorful adaptation Dick Tracy (Warren Beatty, 1990). This earned him another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, and two years later he was nominated for Glengarry Glen Ross (James Foley, 1992). He went into romantic mode for Frankie and Johnny (Garry Marshall, 1991) with Michelle Pfeiffer. In 1992, he finally won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his amazing performance as the blind U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade in Scent of a Woman (Martin Brest, 1992). A mixture of technical perfection and charisma, the role was tailor-made for him, and remains a classic. The next few years would see Pacino becoming more comfortable with acting and films as a business, turning out great roles in great films with more frequency and less of the demanding personal involvement of his wilder days. Carlito's Way (Brian De Palma, 1993) with Sean Penn proved another gangster classic, as did the epic crime drama Heat (Michael Mann, 1995) co-starring Robert De Niro. He directed the theatrical docudrama Looking for Richard (1996), a performance of selected scenes of Shakespeare's Richard III and a broader examination of Shakespeare's continuing role and relevance in popular culture. In Donnie Brasco (Mike Newell, 1997), Pacino played gangster 'Lefty' in the true story of undercover FBI agent Donnie Brasco (Johnny Depp) and his work in bringing down the Mafia from the inside. Pacino played Satan in the supernatural thriller The Devil's Advocate (Taylor Hackford, 1997) which co-starred Keanu Reeves. The film was a success at the box office, taking US$150 million worldwide. He also gave commanding performances in The Insider (Michael Mann, 1999) with Russell Crowe, and Any Given Sunday (Oliver Stone, 1999) opposite Cameron Diaz.

 

Al Pacino co-starred with Hillary Swank and Robin Williams in the mystery thriller Insomnia (Christopher Nolan, 2002), a remake of the Norwegian film of the same name. Pacino starred as Shylock in Michael Radford's film adaptation of The Merchant of Venice (2004), choosing to bring compassion and depth to a character traditionally played as a villainous caricature. In the 2000s, he starred in a number of theatrical blockbusters, including Ocean's Thirteen (Steven Soderbergh, 2007) with George Clooney and Brad Pitt, but his choice in television roles like the vicious, closeted Roy Cohn in the HBO miniseries Angels in America (Tony Kushner, 2003) and his sensitive portrayal of Jack Kevorkian, in the television film You Don't Know Jack (Barry Levinson, 2010), are reminiscent of the bolder choices of his early career. Each television project garnered him an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie. Recently, Pacino starred alongside Brad Pitt and Leonardo DiCaprio in Quentin Tarantino's comedy-drama Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019) and he co-starred with Robert De Niro in Martin Scorsese's Netflix film The Irishman (2019). He will play Meyer Offerman, a fictional Nazi hunter, in the Amazon Video series Hunters. Never wed, Pacino has a daughter, Julie Marie, with acting teacher Jan Tarrant, and a set of twins with former longtime girlfriend Beverly D'Angelo. His romantic history includes Veruschka von Lehndorff, Jill Clayburgh, Debra Winger, Tuesday Weld, Marthe Keller, Carmen Cervera, Kathleen Quinlan, Lyndall Hobbs, Penelope Ann Miller, and a two-decade intermittent relationship with Godfather co-star Diane Keaton. Since 2007, Al Pacino lives with Argentinian actress Lucila Solá, who is 36 years his junior. In 2007, the American Film Institute awarded Pacino with a lifetime achievement award.

 

Sources: Pedro Borges (IMDb), Wikipedia and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

French postcard, no. AB 2104. Caption: Sean Penn beard.

 

Gifted and versatile Sean Penn (1960) is an American actor and director. Penn is a powerhouse film performer capable of intensely moving work, who has gone from strength to strength during a colourful film career. He won an Oscar in 2004 for his leading role in Mystic River, after having been nominated three times before. In 2009, he won another Oscar for Milk. Penn is also the recipient of more than 45 other film awards, including a Silver Bear for Dead Man Walking. Penn has drawn much media attention for his stormy private life and political viewpoints.

 

Sean Justin Penn was born in Santa Monica, in 1960. Penn is the son of director Leo Penn, who was blacklisted during McCarthy's reign for refusing to testify, and actress Eileen Ryan (née Annucci). He has two brothers: actor Chris Penn (1965-2006) and musician Michael Penn. He grew up in Santa Monica, in a neighborhood populated by future celebrities Charlie Sheen and Emilio Estevez, the sons of actor Martin Sheen. The children spent much of their free time together, making a number of amateur films shot with Super-8 cameras. Still, Penn's original intention was to attend law school, although he ultimately skipped college to join the Los Angeles Repertory Theater. After making his professional debut on an episode of television's Barnaby Jones, he relocated to New York, where he soon appeared in the play Heartland. A TV movie, The Killing of Randy Webster, followed in 1981 before he made his feature debut later that same year as the military cadet defending his academy against closure in Taps (Harold Becker, 1981). He then had his breakthrough as fast-talking surfer stoner Jeff Spicoli in Fast Times at Ridgemont High (Amy Heckerling, 1982). Jason Ankeny at AllMovie: "he stole every scene in which he appeared, helping to elevate the picture into a classic of the teen comedy genre; however, the quirkiness which would define his career quickly surfaced as he turned down any number of Spicoli-like roles to star in the 1983 drama Bad Boys, followed a year later by the Louis Malle caper comedy Crackers and the period romance Racing With the Moon. While none of the pictures performed well at the box office, critics consistently praised Penn's depth as an actor. " He next contributed a stellar performance as a drug addict turned government spy alongside Timothy Hutton in the Cold War spy thriller The Falcon and the Snowman (John Schlesinger, 1985), followed by a teaming with icy Christopher Walken in the chilling At Close Range (James Foley, 1986). Penn's brother Chris played his brother in the film and their mother played the role of their grandmother in At Close Range. The youthful Sean then paired up with his then-wife, pop diva Madonna in the woeful, and painful, Shanghai Surprise (Jim Goddard, 1986), which was savaged by the critics, but Sean bounced back with a great job as a hot-headed young cop in Colors (Dennis Hopper, 1988), gave another searing performance as a US soldier in Vietnam committing atrocities in Casualties of War (Brian De Palma, 1989) and appeared alongside Robert De Niro in the uneven comedy We're No Angels (Neil Jordan, 1989). He has appeared in more than forty films.

 

During the 1990s, Sean Penn really got noticed by critics as a mature, versatile, and accomplished actor, with a string of dynamic performances in first-class films. Almost unrecognisable with frizzy hair and thin-rimmed glasses, Penn was simply brilliant as corrupt lawyer David Kleinfeld in the gangster movie Carlito's Way (Brian De Palma, 1993) and he was still in trouble with authority as a Death Row inmate pleading with a caring nun (Susan Sarandon) to save his life in Dead Man Walking (Tim Robbins, 1995), for which he received his first Oscar nomination. Penn had also moved into directing, with the quirky but interesting The Indian Runner (1991), about two brothers with vastly opposing views on life, and in 1995 he directed Jack Nicholson in The Crossing Guard (1995). Both films received overall positive reviews from critics. Sean then played the brother of wealthy Michael Douglas, involving him in a mind-snapping scheme in The Game (David Fincher, 1997), and also landed the lead role of Sgt. Eddie Walsh in the star-studded anti-war film The Thin Red Line (Terrence Malick, 1998), before finishing the 1990s playing an offbeat 1930s jazz guitarist in Sweet and Lowdown (Woody Allen, 1999). For this part, he scored another Oscar nomination.

 

Sean Penn played a mentally disabled father fighting for custody of his seven-year-old daughter in I Am Sam (2001). He received his third Oscar nomination for this role, but in the following years, he finally won the Oscar for the best male lead of the year. He won the first for his part as an anguished father seeking revenge for his daughter's murder in the gut-wrenching Mystic River (Clint Eastwood, 2003), and the second six years later for his role as gay politician and civil rights activist Harvey Milk in Milk (Gus Van Sant, 2008). Jason Ankeny at AllMovie: "The Oscar (for Mystic River), coupled with a standing ovation by the audience, showed once and for all that Penn's unorthodox approach to his acting career hadn't had an adverse effect on his popularity" In between, he played a mortally ill college professor in 21 Grams (Alejandro G. Iñárritu, 2003) and a possessed businessman in The Assassination of Richard Nixon (Niels Mueller, 2004) with Naomi Watts. Penn was a militant opponent of the Iraq war. He also supports Sea Shepherd and is on the advisory board of this organisation. Singer Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam, who is friends with Penn, wrote soundtracks for several films in which Penn acted or which were directed by him, including Dead Man Walking, Into the Wild, and I Am Sam. Sean Penn also appeared in The Tree of Life (Terrence Malick, 2011) with Brad Pitt, and The Professor and the Madman (Farhad Safinia, 2019) opposite Mel Gibson. In March 2018, he published the novel 'Bob Honey Who Just Do Stuff'. Penn was engaged to actress Elizabeth McGovern, who played him in Racing with the Moon in 1984. He married singer Madonna in 1985 and divorced her in 1989. He then began a relationship with actress Robin Wright, with whom he had a daughter Dylan in 1991 and a son Hopper in 1993, and married in 1996. A divorce petition followed in December 2007, and became final in 2009, since then Penn has had relationships with actresses Scarlett Johansson and Charlize Theron, among others. In 2016, he began a relationship with Australian actress Leila George, whom he married in July 2020. She filed for divorce in late 2021.

 

Sources: Jason Ankeny (AllMovie), Wikipedia (Dutch), and IMDb.

 

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

TWO roads diverged in a yellow wood,

And sorry I could not travel both

And be one traveler, long I stood

And looked down one as far as I could

To where it bent in the undergrowth; 5

 

Then took the other, as just as fair,

And having perhaps the better claim,

Because it was grassy and wanted wear;

Though as for that the passing there

Had worn them really about the same, 10

 

And both that morning equally lay

In leaves no step had trodden black.

Oh, I kept the first for another day!

Yet knowing how way leads on to way,

I doubted if I should ever come back. 15

 

I shall be telling this with a sigh

Somewhere ages and ages hence:

Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—

I took the one less traveled by,

And that has made all the difference.

Robert Frost

  

THE ROAD TO HELL...CHRIS REA www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwdpMwHE2ag&feature=related

 

6. curve(s) submitted to 100 pictures www.flickr.com/groups/100picturechallenge/

A fine son of Norfolk.

 

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Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, KB (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy. He was noted for his inspirational leadership and superb grasp of strategy and unconventional tactics, which resulted in a number of decisive naval victories, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars. He was wounded several times in combat, losing one arm in the unsuccessful attempt to conquer Santa Cruz de Tenerife and the sight in one eye in Corsica. He was shot and killed during his final victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

 

Nelson was born into a moderately prosperous Norfolk family and joined the navy through the influence of his uncle, Maurice Suckling. He rose rapidly through the ranks and served with leading naval commanders of the period before obtaining his own command in 1778. He developed a reputation in the service through his personal valour and firm grasp of tactics but suffered periods of illness and unemployment after the end of the American War of Independence. The outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars allowed Nelson to return to service, where he was particularly active in the Mediterranean. He fought in several minor engagements off Toulon and was important in the capture of Corsica and subsequent diplomatic duties with the Italian states. In 1797, he distinguished himself while in command of HMS Captain at the Battle of Cape St Vincent.

 

Shortly after the battle, Nelson took part in the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, where his attack was defeated and he was badly wounded, losing his right arm, and was forced to return to England to recuperate. The following year, he won a decisive victory over the French at the Battle of the Nile and remained in the Mediterranean to support the Kingdom of Naples against a French invasion. In 1801, he was dispatched to the Baltic and won another victory, this time over the Danes at the Battle of Copenhagen. He subsequently commanded the blockade of the French and Spanish fleets at Toulon and, after their escape, chased them to the West Indies and back but failed to bring them to battle. After a brief return to England, he took over the Cádiz blockade in 1805. On 21 October 1805, the Franco-Spanish fleet came out of port, and Nelson's fleet engaged them at the Battle of Trafalgar. The battle was Britain's greatest naval victory, but during the action Nelson, aboard HMS Victory, was fatally wounded by a French sharpshooter. His body was brought back to England where he was accorded a state funeral.

 

Nelson's death at Trafalgar secured his position as one of Britain's most heroic figures. The significance of the victory and his death during the battle led to his signal, "England expects that every man will do his duty", being regularly quoted, paraphrased and referenced up to the modern day. Numerous monuments, including Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square, London, and the Nelson Monument in Edinburgh, have been created in his memory and his legacy remains highly influential.

 

Horatio Nelson was born on 29 September 1758 in a rectory in Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, England, the sixth of eleven children of the Reverend Edmund Nelson and his wife Catherine Suckling.[1] He was named after his godfather Horatio Walpole (1723–1809) then 2nd Baron Walpole, of Wolterton.[2] His mother, who died on 26 December 1767 when he was nine years old, was a grandniece of Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain.[3] She lived in the village of Barsham, Suffolk, and married the Reverend Edmund Nelson at Beccles church, Suffolk, in 1749. Nelson's aunt, Alice Nelson was the wife of Reverend Robert Rolfe, Rector of Hilborough, Norfolk and grandmother of Sir Robert Monsey Rolfe.[4] Rolfe twice served as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.

 

Nelson attended Paston Grammar School, North Walsham, until he was 12 years old, and also attended King Edward VI’s Grammar School in Norwich. His naval career began on 1 January 1771, when he reported to the third-rate HMS Raisonnable as an ordinary seaman and coxswain under his maternal uncle, Captain Maurice Suckling, who commanded the vessel. Shortly after reporting aboard, Nelson was appointed a midshipman and began officer training. Early in his service, Nelson discovered that he suffered from seasickness, a chronic complaint that dogged him for the rest of his life.

 

HMS Raisonnable had been commissioned during a period of tension with Spain, but when this passed, Suckling was transferred to the Nore guardship HMS Triumph and Nelson was dispatched to serve aboard the West Indiamen of the merchant shipping firm of Hibbert, Purrier and Horton, in order to gain experience at sea.[6] In this capacity he twice crossed the Atlantic, before returning to serve under his uncle as the commander of Suckling's longboat, which carried men and dispatches to and from the shore. Nelson then learned of a planned expedition under the command of Constantine Phipps, intended to survey a passage in the Arctic by which it was hoped that India could be reached: the fabled Northwest Passage. At his nephew's request, Suckling arranged for Nelson to join the expedition as coxswain[7] to Commander Lutwidge aboard the converted bomb vessel HMS Carcass. The expedition reached within ten degrees of the North Pole, but, unable to find a way through the dense ice floes, was forced to turn back. By 1800 Lutwidge began to circulate a story that while the ship had been trapped in the ice, Nelson had seen and pursued a polar bear, before being ordered to return to the ship. Lutwidge's later version, in 1809, reported that Nelson and a companion had given chase to the bear, but on being questioned why, replied that "I wished, Sir, to get the skin for my father."[8]

 

Nelson briefly returned to the Triumph after the expedition's return to Britain in September 1773. Suckling then arranged for his transfer to HMS Seahorse, one of two ships about to sail for the East Indies.

 

Nelson sailed for the East Indies on 19 November 1773 and arrived at the British outpost at Madras on 25 May 1774.[11] Nelson and the Seahorse spent the rest of the year cruising off the coast and escorting merchantmen. With the outbreak of the First Anglo-Maratha War, the British fleet operated in support of the East India Company and in early 1775 the Seahorse was dispatched to carry a cargo of the company's money to Bombay. On 19 February two of Hyder Ali's ketches attacked the Seahorse, which drove them off after a brief exchange of fire. This was Nelson's first experience of battle.[12] The rest of the year he spent escorting convoys, during which he continued to develop his navigation and ship handling skills. In early 1776 Nelson contracted malaria and became seriously ill. He was discharged from the Seahorse on 14 March and returned to England aboard HMS Dolphin.[13] Nelson spent the six-month voyage recuperating and had almost recovered by the time he arrived in Britain in September 1776. His patron, Suckling, had risen to the post of Comptroller of the Navy in 1775, and used his influence to help Nelson gain further promotion.[3][14] Nelson was appointed acting lieutenant aboard HMS Worcester, which was about to sail to Gibraltar.[15]

 

The Worcester, under the command of Captain Mark Robinson, sailed as a convoy escort on 3 December and returned with another convoy in April 1777.[16] Nelson then travelled to London to take his lieutenant's examination on 9 April; his examining board consisted of Captains John Campbell, Abraham North, and his uncle, Maurice Suckling. Nelson passed, and the next day received his commission and an appointment to HMS Lowestoffe, which was preparing to sail to Jamaica under Captain William Locker.[17] She sailed on 16 May, arrived on 19 July, and after reprovisioning, carried out several cruises in Caribbean waters. After the outbreak of the American War of Independence the Lowestoffe took several prizes, one of which was taken into Navy service as the tender Little Lucy. Nelson asked for and was given command of her, and took her on two cruises of his own.[18] As well as giving him his first taste of command, it gave Nelson the opportunity to explore his fledgling interest in science. During his first cruise, Nelson led an expeditionary party to the Caicos Islands,[19] where he made detailed notes of the wildlife and in particular a bird—now believed to be the white-necked jacobin.[20] Locker, impressed by Nelson's abilities, recommended him to the new commander-in-chief at Jamaica, Sir Peter Parker. Parker duly took Nelson onto his flagship, HMS Bristol.[21] The entry of the French into the war, in support of the Americans, meant further targets for Parker's fleet and it took a large number of prizes towards the end of 1778, which brought Nelson an estimated £400 in prize money. Parker subsequently appointed him as Master and Commander of the brig HMS Badger on 8 December.[22]

 

Nelson and the Badger spent most of 1779 cruising off the Central American coast, ranging as far as the British settlements at British Honduras and Nicaragua, but without much success at interception of enemy prizes.[23] On his return to Port Royal he learned that Parker had promoted him to post-captain on 11 June, and intended to give him another command. Nelson handed over the Badger to Cuthbert Collingwood while he awaited the arrival of his new ship, the 28-gun frigate HMS Hinchinbrook,[a] newly captured from the French.[24] While Nelson waited, news reached Parker that a French fleet under the command of Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing, was approaching Jamaica. Parker hastily organized his defences and placed Nelson in command of Fort Charles, which covered the approaches to Kingston.[25] D'Estaing instead headed north, and the anticipated invasion never materialised. Nelson duly took command of the Hinchinbrook on 1 September.[26]

 

The Hinchinbrook sailed from Port Royal on 5 October 1779 and, in company with other British ships, proceeded to capture a number of American prizes.[27] On his return to Jamaica in December, Nelson began to be troubled by a recurrent attack of malaria, but remained in the West Indies in order to take part in Major-General John Dalling's attempt to capture the Spanish colonies in Central America, including an assault on the Inmaculada Concepción Fort, also called Castillo Viejo, on the San Juan River in Nicaragua.[28] The Hinchinbrook sailed from Jamaica in February 1780, as an escort for Dalling's invasion force. After sailing up the mouth of the San Juan River, Nelson with some one thousand men and four small four-pounder cannons, obtained the surrender of Castillo Viejo and its 160 Spanish defenders after a two-week siege.[29] The British blew up the fort when they evacuated six months later after massive deaths due to disease and Nelson was praised for his efforts.[30] Parker recalled Nelson and gave him command of the 44-gun frigate HMS Janus.[31] Nelson had however fallen seriously ill in the jungles of Costa Rica, probably from a recurrence of malaria, and was unable to take command. During his time of convalescence he was nursed by a black "doctoress" named Cubah Cornwallis, the mistress of a fellow captain, William Cornwallis.[32] He was discharged in August and returned to Britain aboard HMS Lion,[33] arriving in late November. Nelson gradually recovered over several months, and soon began agitating for a command. He was appointed to the frigate HMS Albemarle on 15 August 1781.

 

Nelson received orders on 23 October to take the newly refitted Albemarle to sea. He was instructed to collect an inbound convoy of the Russia Company at Elsinore, and escort them back to Britain. For this operation, the Admiralty placed the frigates HMS Argo and HMS Enterprise under his command.[35] Nelson successfully organised the convoy and escorted it into British waters. He then left the convoy to return to port, but severe storms hampered him.[36] Gales almost wrecked Albemarle as she was a poorly designed ship and an earlier accident had left her damaged, but Nelson eventually brought her into Portsmouth in February 1782.[37] There the Admiralty ordered him to fit the Albemarle for sea and join the escort for a convoy collecting at Cork to sail for Quebec.[38] Nelson arrived off Newfoundland with the convoy in late May, then detached on a cruise to hunt American privateers. Nelson was generally unsuccessful; he succeeded only in retaking several captured British merchant ships and capturing a number of small fishing boats and assorted craft.[39]

 

In August he had a narrow escape from a far superior French force under Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil, only evading them after a prolonged chase.[40] Nelson arrived at Quebec on 18 September.[41] He sailed again as part of the escort for a convoy to New York. He arrived in mid-November and reported to Admiral Samuel Hood, commander of the New York station.[42] At Nelson's request, Hood transferred him to his fleet and Albemarle sailed in company with Hood, bound for the West Indies.[43] On their arrival, the British fleet took up position off Jamaica to await the arrival of de Vaudreuil's force. Nelson and the Albemarle were ordered to scout the numerous passages for signs of the enemy, but it became clear by early 1783 that the French had eluded Hood.[44] During his scouting operations, Nelson had developed a plan to assault the French garrison of the Turks Islands. Commanding a small flotilla of frigates and smaller vessels, he landed a force of 167 seamen and marines early on the morning of 8 March under a supporting bombardment.[45] The French were found to be heavily entrenched and after several hours Nelson called off the assault. Several of the officers involved criticised Nelson, but Hood does not appear to have reprimanded him.[46] Nelson spent the rest of the war cruising in the West Indies, where he captured a number of French and Spanish prizes.[47] After news of the peace reached Hood, Nelson returned to Britain in late June 1783.

 

Nelson visited France in late 1783, stayed with acquaintances at Saint-Omer, and briefly attempted to learn French. He returned to England in January 1784, and attended court as part of Lord Hood's entourage.[49] Influenced by the factional politics of the time, he contemplated standing for Parliament as a supporter of William Pitt, but was unable to find a seat.[50]

 

In 1784 he received command of the frigate HMS Boreas with the assignment to enforce the Navigation Acts in the vicinity of Antigua.[51] The Acts were unpopular with both the Americans and the colonies.[52] Nelson served on the station under Admiral Sir Richard Hughes, and often came into conflict with his superior officer over their differing interpretation of the Acts.[53] The captains of the American vessels Nelson had seized sued him for illegal seizure. Because the merchants of the nearby island of Nevis supported the American claim, Nelson was in peril of imprisonment; he remained sequestered on Boreas for eight months, until the courts ruled in his favour.[54]

 

In the interim, Nelson met Frances "Fanny" Nisbet, a young widow from a Nevis plantation family.[55] Nelson and Nisbet were married at Montpelier Estate on the island of Nevis on 11 March 1787, shortly before the end of his tour of duty in the Caribbean.[56] The marriage was registered at Fig Tree Church in St John's Parish on Nevis. Nelson returned to England in July, with Fanny following later.

 

Nelson remained with Boreas until she was paid off in November that year.[58] He and Fanny then divided their time between Bath and London, occasionally visiting Nelson's relations in Norfolk. In 1788, they settled at Nelson's childhood home at Burnham Thorpe.[59] Now in reserve on half pay, he attempted to persuade the Admiralty and other senior figures he was acquainted with, such as Hood, to provide him with a command. He was unsuccessful as there were too few ships in the peacetime navy and Hood did not intercede on his behalf.[60] Nelson spent his time trying to find employment for former crew members, attending to family affairs, and cajoling contacts in the navy for a posting. In 1792 the French revolutionary government annexed the Austrian Netherlands (modern Belgium), which were traditionally preserved as a buffer state. The Admiralty recalled Nelson to service and gave him command of the 64-gun HMS Agamemnon in January 1793. On 1 February France declared war.

 

In May, 1793, Nelson sailed as part of a division under the command of Vice-Admiral William Hotham, joined later in the month by the rest of Lord Hood's fleet.[62] The force initially sailed to Gibraltar and, with the intention of establishing naval superiority in the Mediterranean, made their way to Toulon, anchoring off the port in July.[63] Toulon was largely under the control of moderate republicans and royalists, but was threatened by the forces of the National Convention, which were marching on the city. Short of supplies and doubting their ability to defend themselves, the city authorities requested that Hood take the city under his protection. Hood readily acquiesced and sent Nelson to carry dispatches to Sardinia and Naples requesting reinforcements.[64] After delivering the dispatches to Sardinia, Agamemnon arrived at Naples in early September. There Nelson met Ferdinand VI, King of Naples,[65] followed by the British ambassador to the kingdom, William Hamilton.[66] At some point during the negotiations for reinforcements, Nelson was introduced to Hamilton's new wife, Emma Hamilton.[67] The negotiations were successful, and 2,000 men and several ships were mustered by mid-September. Nelson put to sea in pursuit of a French frigate, but on failing to catch her, sailed for Leghorn, and then to Corsica.[68] He arrived at Toulon on 5 October, where he found that a large French army had occupied the hills surrounding the city and was bombarding it. Hood still hoped the city could be held if more reinforcements arrived, and sent Nelson to join a squadron operating off Cagliari.

 

Early on the morning of 22 October 1793, the Agamemnon sighted five sails. Nelson closed with them, and discovered they were a French squadron. Nelson promptly gave chase, firing on the 40-gun Melpomene.[70] He inflicted considerable damage but the remaining French ships turned to join the battle and, realising he was outnumbered, Nelson withdrew and continued to Cagliari, arriving on 24 October.[70] After making repairs Nelson and the Agamemnon sailed again on 26 October, bound for Tunis with a squadron under Commodore Robert Linzee. On arrival, Nelson was given command of a small squadron consisting of the Agamemnon, three frigates and a sloop, and ordered to blockade the French garrison on Corsica.[71] The fall of Toulon at the end of December 1793 severely damaged British fortunes in the Mediterranean. Hood had failed to make adequate provision for a withdrawal and 18 French ships-of-the-line fell into republican hands.[72] Nelson's mission to Corsica took on added significance, as it could provide the British a naval base close to the French coast.[72] Hood therefore reinforced Nelson with extra ships during January 1794.[73]

 

A British assault force landed on the island on 7 February, after which Nelson moved to intensify the blockade off Bastia. For the rest of the month he carried out raids along the coast and intercepted enemy shipping. By late February St Fiorenzo had fallen and British troops under Lieutenant-General David Dundas entered the outskirts of Bastia.[74] However Dundas merely assessed the enemy positions and then withdrew, arguing the French were too well entrenched to risk an assault. Nelson convinced Hood otherwise, but a protracted debate between the army and naval commanders meant that Nelson did not receive permission to proceed until late March. Nelson began to land guns from his ships and emplace them in the hills surrounding the town. On 11 April the British squadron entered the harbour and opened fire, whilst Nelson took command of the land forces and commenced bombardment.[75] After 45 days, the town surrendered.[76] Nelson subsequently prepared for an assault on Calvi, working in company with Lieutenant-General Charles Stuart.[77]

 

British forces landed at Calvi on 19 June, and immediately began moving guns ashore to occupy the heights surrounding the town. While Nelson directed a continuous bombardment of the enemy positions, Stuart's men began to advance . On 12 July Nelson was at one of the forward batteries early in the morning when a shot struck one of the sandbags protecting the position, spraying stones and sand. Nelson was struck by debris in his right eye and was forced to retire from the position, although his wound was soon bandaged and he returned to action.[78] By 18 July most of the enemy positions had been disabled, and that night Stuart, supported by Nelson, stormed the main defensive position and captured it. Repositioning their guns, the British brought Calvi under constant bombardment, and the town surrendered on 10 August.[79] However, Nelson's right eye had been irreparably damaged and he eventually lost sight in it.

 

After the occupation of Corsica, Hood ordered Nelson to open diplomatic relations with the city-state of Genoa, a strategically important potential ally.[81] Soon afterwards, Hood returned to England and was succeeded by Admiral William Hotham as commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean. Nelson put into Leghorn, and while the Agamemnon underwent repairs, met with other naval officers at the port and entertained a brief affair with a local woman, Adelaide Correglia.[82] Hotham arrived with the rest of the fleet in December; Nelson and the Agamemnon sailed on a number of cruises with them in late 1794 and early 1795.[83]

 

On 8 March, news reached Hotham that the French fleet was at sea and heading for Corsica. He immediately set out to intercept them, and Nelson eagerly anticipated his first fleet action. The French were reluctant to engage and the two fleets shadowed each other throughout 12 March. The following day two of the French ships collided, allowing Nelson to engage the much larger 84-gun Ça Ira for two and a half hours until the arrival of two French ships forced Nelson to veer away, having inflicted heavy casualties and considerable damage.[84] The fleets continued to shadow each other before making contact again, on 14 March, in the Battle of Genoa. Nelson joined the other British ships in attacking the battered Ça Ira, now under tow from the Censeur. Heavily damaged, the two French ships were forced to surrender and Nelson took possession of the Censeur. Defeated at sea, the French abandoned their plan to invade Corsica and returned to port.

 

Nelson and the fleet remained in the Mediterranean throughout the summer. On 4 July the Agamemnon sailed from St Fiorenzo with a small force of frigates and sloops, bound for Genoa. On 6 July he ran into the French fleet and found himself pursued by several much larger ships-of-the-line. He retreated to St Fiorenzo, arriving just ahead of the pursuing French, who broke off as Nelson's signal guns alerted the British fleet in the harbour.[86] Hotham pursued the French to the Hyères Islands, but failed to bring them to a decisive action. A number of small engagements were fought but to Nelson's dismay, he saw little action.[86]

 

Nelson returned to operate out of Genoa, intercepting and inspecting merchants and cutting-out suspicious vessels in both enemy and neutral harbours.[87] He formulated ambitious plans for amphibious landings and naval assaults to frustrate the progress of the French Army of Italy that was now advancing on Genoa, but could excite little interest in Hotham.[88] In November Hotham was replaced by Sir Hyde Parker but the situation in Italy was rapidly deteriorating: the French were raiding around Genoa and strong Jacobin sentiment was rife within the city itself.[89] A large French assault at the end of November broke the allied lines, forcing a general retreat towards Genoa. Nelson's forces were able to cover the withdrawing army and prevent them being surrounded, but he had too few ships and men to materially alter the strategic situation, and the British were forced to withdraw from the Italian ports. Nelson returned to Corsica on 30 November, angry and depressed at the British failure and questioning his future in the navy.

 

In January 1796 the position of commander-in-chief of the fleet in the Mediterranean passed to Sir John Jervis, who appointed Nelson to exercise independent command over the ships blockading the French coast as a commodore.[91] Nelson spent the first half of the year conducting operations to frustrate French advances and bolster Britain's Italian allies. Despite some minor successes in intercepting small French warships, Nelson began to feel the British presence on the Italian peninsula was rapidly becoming useless.[92] In June the Agamemnon was sent back to Britain for repairs, and Nelson was appointed to the 74-gun HMS Captain.[92] In the same month, the French thrust towards Leghorn and were certain to capture the city. Nelson hurried there to oversee the evacuation of British nationals and transported them to Corsica, after which Jervis ordered him to blockade the newly captured French port.[93] In July he oversaw the occupation of Elba, but by September the Genoese had broken their neutrality to declare in favour of the French.[94] By October, the Genoese position and the continued French advances led the British to decide that the Mediterranean fleet could no longer be supplied; they ordered it to be evacuated to Gibraltar. Nelson helped oversee the withdrawal from Corsica, and by December 1796 was aboard the frigate HMS Minerve, covering the evacuation of the garrison at Elba. He then sailed for Gibraltar.[95]

 

During the passage, Nelson captured the Spanish frigate Santa Sabina and placed Lieutenants Jonathan Culverhouse and Thomas Hardy in charge of the captured vessel, taking the Spanish captain on board Minerve. Santa Sabina was part of a larger Spanish force, and the following morning two Spanish ships-of-the-line and a frigate were sighted closing fast. Unable to outrun them Nelson initially determined to fight but Culverhouse and Hardy raised the British colours and sailed northeast, drawing the Spanish ships after them until being captured, giving Nelson the opportunity to escape.[96] Nelson went on to rendezvous with the British fleet at Elba, where he spent Christmas.[97] He sailed for Gibraltar in late January, and after learning that the Spanish fleet had sailed from Cartagena, stopped just long enough to collect Hardy, Culverhouse, and the rest of the prize crew captured with Santa Sabina, before pressing on through the straits to join Sir John Jervis off Cadiz.

 

Nelson joined Jervis's fleet off Cape St Vincent, and reported the Spanish movements.[99] Jervis decided to give battle and the two fleets met on 14 February. Nelson found himself towards the rear of the British line and realised that it would be a long time before he could bring Captain into action.[99] Instead of continuing to follow the line, Nelson disobeyed orders and wore ship, breaking from the line and heading to engage the Spanish van, which consisted of the 112-gun San Josef, the 80-gun San Nicolas and the 130-gun Santísima Trinidad. Captain engaged all three, assisted by HMS Culloden which had come to Nelson's aid. After an hour of exchanging broadsides which left both Captain and Culloden heavily damaged, Nelson found himself alongside the San Nicolas. He led a boarding party across, crying "Westminster Abbey! or, glorious victory!" and forced her surrender.[100] San Josef attempted to come to the San Nicolas’s aid, but became entangled with her compatriot and was left immobile. Nelson led his party from the deck of the San Nicolas onto the San Josef and captured her as well.[99] As night fell, the Spanish fleet broke off and sailed for Cadiz. Four ships had surrendered to the British and two of them were Nelson's captures.[101]

 

Nelson was victorious, but had disobeyed direct orders. Jervis liked Nelson and so did not officially reprimand him,[101] but did not mention Nelson's actions in his official report of the battle.[102] He did write a private letter to George Spencer in which he said that Nelson "contributed very much to the fortune of the day".[101] Nelson also wrote several letters about his victory, reporting that his action was being referred to amongst the fleet as "Nelson's Patent Bridge for boarding first rates".[100] Nelson's account was later challenged by Rear-Admiral William Parker, who had been aboard HMS Prince George. Parker claimed that Nelson had been supported by several more ships than he acknowledged, and that the San Josef had already struck her colours by the time Nelson boarded her.[103] Nelson's account of his role prevailed, and the victory was well received in Britain: Jervis was made Earl St Vincent and Nelson was made a Knight of the Bath.[104][105] On 20 February, in a standard promotion according to his seniority and unrelated to the battle, he was promoted to Rear-Admiral of the Blue.

 

Nelson was given HMS Theseus as his flagship, and on 27 May 1797 was ordered to lie off Cadiz, monitoring the Spanish fleet and awaiting the arrival of Spanish treasure ships from the American colonies.[107] He carried out a bombardment and personally led an amphibious assault on 3 July. During the action Nelson's barge collided with that of the Spanish commander, and a hand-to-hand struggle ensued between the two crews. Twice Nelson was nearly cut down and both times his life was saved by a seaman named John Sykes who took the blows and was badly wounded. The British raiding force captured the Spanish boat and towed it back to the Theseus.[107][108] During this period Nelson developed a scheme to capture Santa Cruz de Tenerife, aiming to seize a large quantity of specie from the treasure ship Principe de Asturias, which was reported to have recently arrived.

 

The battle plan called for a combination of naval bombardments and an amphibious landing. The initial attempt was called off after adverse currents hampered the assault and the element of surprise was lost.[110] Nelson immediately ordered another assault but this was beaten back. He prepared for a third attempt, to take place during the night. Although he personally led one of the battalions, the operation ended in failure: the Spanish were better prepared than had been expected and had secured strong defensive positions.[111] Several of the boats failed to land at the correct positions in the confusion, while those that did were swept by gunfire and grapeshot. Nelson's boat reached its intended landing point but as he stepped ashore he was hit in the right arm by a musketball, which fractured his humerus bone in multiple places.[111] He was rowed back to the Theseus to be attended to by the surgeon - Thomas Eshelby.[112] On arriving on his ship he refused to be helped aboard, declaring "Let me alone! I have got my legs left and one arm."[111] He was taken to surgeon Eshelby, instructing him to prepare his instruments and "the sooner it was off the better".[111] Most of the right arm was amputated and within half an hour Nelson had returned to issuing orders to his captains.[113] Years later he would excuse himself to Commodore John Thomas Duckworth for not writing longer letters due to not being naturally left-handed.[114] He developed the sensation of Phantom Limb in his lost arm later on and declared that he had 'found the direct evidence of the existence of soul'.[115]

 

Meanwhile a force under Sir Thomas Troubridge had fought their way to the main square but could go no further. Unable to return to the fleet because their boats had been sunk, Troubridge was forced to enter into negotiations with the Spanish commander, and the British were subsequently allowed to withdraw.[116] The expedition had failed to achieve any of its objectives and had left a quarter of the landing force dead or wounded.[116][117] The squadron remained off Tenerife for a further three days and by 16 August had rejoined Jervis's fleet off Cadiz. Despondently Nelson wrote to Jervis: "A left-handed Admiral will never again be considered as useful, therefore the sooner I get to a very humble cottage the better, and make room for a better man to serve the state".[118] He returned to England aboard HMS Seahorse, arriving at Spithead on 1 September. He was met with a hero's welcome: the British public had lionised Nelson after Cape St Vincent and his wound earned him sympathy.[119] They refused to attribute the defeat at Tenerife to him, preferring instead to blame poor planning on the part of St Vincent, the Secretary at War or even William Pitt.

 

Nelson returned to Bath with Fanny, before moving to London in October to seek expert medical attention concerning his amputated arm. Whilst in London news reached him that Admiral Duncan had defeated the Dutch fleet at the Battle of Camperdown.[120] Nelson exclaimed that he would have given his other arm to have been present.[120] He spent the last months of 1797 recuperating in London, during which he was awarded the Freedom of the City of London and an annual pension of £1,000 a year. He used the money to buy Round Wood Farm near Ipswich, and intended to retire there with Fanny.[121] Despite his plans, Nelson was never to live there.[121]

 

Although surgeons had been unable to remove the central ligature in his amputated arm, which had caused considerable inflammation and poisoning, in early December it came out of its own accord and Nelson rapidly began to recover. Eager to return to sea, he began agitating for a command and was promised the 80-gun HMS Foudroyant. As she was not yet ready for sea, Nelson was instead given command of the 74-gun HMS Vanguard, to which he appointed Edward Berry as his flag captain.[122] French activities in the Mediterranean theatre were raising concern among the Admiralty: Napoleon was gathering forces in Southern France but the destination of his army was unknown. Nelson and the Vanguard were to be dispatched to Cadiz to reinforce the fleet. On 28 March 1798, Nelson hoisted his flag and sailed to join Earl St Vincent. St Vincent sent him on to Toulon with a small force to reconnoitre French activities.

 

Nelson passed through the Straits of Gibraltar and took up position off Toulon by 17 May, but his squadron was dispersed and blown southwards by a strong gale that struck the area on 20 May.[124] While the British were battling the storm, Napoleon had sailed with his invasion fleet under the command of Vice-Admiral François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers. Nelson, having been reinforced with a number of ships from St Vincent, went in pursuit.[125] He began searching the Italian coast for Napoleon's fleet, but was hampered by a lack of frigates that could operate as fast scouts. Napoleon had already arrived at Malta and, after a show of force, secured the island's surrender.[126] Nelson followed him there, but the French had already left. After a conference with his captains, he decided Egypt was Napoleon's most likely destination and headed for Alexandria. On his arrival on 28 June, though, he found no sign of the French; dismayed, he withdrew and began searching to the east of the port. While he was absent, Napoleon's fleet arrived on 1 July and landed their forces unopposed.[127]

 

Brueys then anchored his fleet in Aboukir Bay, ready to support Napoleon if required.[128] Nelson meanwhile had crossed the Mediterranean again in a fruitless attempt to locate the French and had returned to Naples to re-provision.[129] He sailed again, intending to search the seas off Cyprus, but decided to pass Alexandria again for a final check. In doing so his force captured a French merchant, which provided the first news of the French fleet: they had passed south-east of Crete a month before, heading to Alexandria.[130] Nelson hurried to the port but again found it empty of the French. Searching along the coast, he finally discovered the French fleet in Aboukir Bay on 1 August 1798.

 

Nelson immediately prepared for battle, repeating a sentiment he had expressed at the battle of Cape St Vincent that "Before this time tomorrow, I shall have gained a peerage or Westminster Abbey."[132] It was late by the time the British arrived and the French, anchored in a strong position with a combined firepower greater than that of Nelson's fleet, did not expect them to attack.[133] Nelson however immediately ordered his ships to advance. The French line was anchored close to a line of shoals, in the belief that this would secure their port side from attack; Brueys had assumed the British would follow convention and attack his centre from the starboard side. However, Captain Thomas Foley aboard HMS Goliath discovered a gap between the shoals and the French ships, and took Goliath into the channel. The unprepared French found themselves attacked on both sides, the British fleet splitting, with some following Foley and others passing down the starboard side of the French line.

 

The British fleet was soon heavily engaged, passing down the French line and engaging their ships one by one. Nelson on Vanguard personally engaged Spartiate, also coming under fire from Aquilon. At about eight o'clock, he was with Berry on the quarter-deck when a piece of French shot struck him in his forehead. He fell to the deck, a flap of torn skin obscuring his good eye. Blinded and half stunned, he felt sure he would die and cried out "I am killed. Remember me to my wife." He was taken below to be seen by the surgeon.[135] After examining Nelson, the surgeon pronounced the wound non-threatening and applied a temporary bandage.[136]

 

The French van, pounded by British fire from both sides, had begun to surrender, and the victorious British ships continued to move down the line, bringing Brueys's 118-gun flagship Orient under constant heavy fire. Orient caught fire under this bombardment, and later exploded. Nelson briefly came on deck to direct the battle, but returned to the surgeon after watching the destruction of Orient.[137]

 

The Battle of the Nile was a major blow to Napoleon's ambitions in the east. The fleet had been destroyed: Orient, another ship and two frigates had been burnt, seven 74-gun ships and two 80-gun ships had been captured, and only two ships-of-the-line and two frigates escaped,[138] while the forces Napoleon had brought to Egypt were stranded.[134] Napoleon attacked north along the Mediterranean coast, but Turkish defenders supported by Captain Sir Sidney Smith defeated his army at the Siege of Acre. Napoleon then left his army and sailed back to France, evading detection by British ships. Given its strategic importance, some historians regard Nelson's achievement at the Nile as the most significant of his career, even greater than that at Trafalgar seven years later.

 

Nelson wrote dispatches to the Admiralty and oversaw temporary repairs to the Vanguard, before sailing to Naples where he was met with enthusiastic celebrations.[140] The King of Naples, in company with the Hamiltons, greeted him in person when he arrived at the port and William Hamilton invited Nelson to stay at their house.[141] Celebrations were held in honour of Nelson's birthday that September, and he attended a banquet at the Hamiltons', where other officers had begun to notice his attention to Emma. Jervis himself had begun to grow concerned about reports of Nelson's behaviour, but in early October word of Nelson's victory had reached London. The First Lord of the Admiralty, Earl Spencer, fainted on hearing the news.[142] Scenes of celebration erupted across the country, balls and victory feasts were held and church bells were rung. The City of London awarded Nelson and his captains with swords, whilst the King ordered them to be presented with special medals. The Tsar of Russia sent him a gift, and Selim III, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, awarded Nelson the Order of the Turkish Crescent for his role in restoring Ottoman rule in Egypt. Lord Hood, after a conversation with the Prime Minister, told Fanny that Nelson would likely be given a Viscountcy, similar to Jervis's earldom after Cape St Vincent and Duncan's viscountcy after Camperdown.[143] Earl Spencer however demurred, arguing that as Nelson had only been detached in command of a squadron, rather than being the commander in chief of the fleet, such an award would create an unwelcome precedent. Instead, Nelson received the title Baron Nelson of the Nile.

 

Nelson was dismayed by Spencer's decision, and declared that he would rather have received no title than that of a mere barony.[145] He was however cheered by the attention showered on him by the citizens of Naples, the prestige accorded him by the kingdom's elite, and the comforts he received at the Hamiltons' residence. He made frequent visits to attend functions in his honour, or to tour nearby attractions with Emma, with whom he had by now fallen deeply in love, almost constantly at his side.[146] Orders arrived from the Admiralty to blockade the French forces in Alexandria and Malta, a task Nelson delegated to his captains, Samuel Hood and Alexander Ball. Despite enjoying his lifestyle in Naples Nelson began to think of returning to England,[146] but King Ferdinand of Naples, after a long period of pressure from his wife Maria Carolina of Austria and Sir William Hamilton, finally agreed to declare war on France. The Neapolitan army, led by the Austrian General Mack and supported by Nelson's fleet, retook Rome from the French in late November, but the French regrouped outside the city and, after being reinforced, routed the Neapolitans. In disarray, the Neapolitan army fled back to Naples, with the pursuing French close behind.[147] Nelson hastily organised the evacuation of the Royal Family, several nobles and the British nationals, including the Hamiltons. The evacuation got under way on 23 December and sailed through heavy gales before reaching the safety of Palermo on 26 December.[148]

 

With the departure of the Royal Family, Naples descended into anarchy and news reached Palermo in January that the French had entered the city under General Championnet and proclaimed the Parthenopaean Republic.[149] Nelson was promoted to Rear Admiral of the Red on 14 February 1799,[150] and was occupied for several months in blockading Naples, while a popular counter-revolutionary force under Cardinal Ruffo known as the Sanfedisti marched to retake the city. In late June Ruffo's army entered Naples, forcing the French and their supporters to withdraw to the city's fortifications as rioting and looting broke out amongst the ill-disciplined Neapolitan troops.[151] Dismayed by the bloodshed, Ruffo agreed to a general amnesty with the Jacobin forces that allowed them safe conduct to France. Nelson, now aboard the Foudroyant, was outraged, and backed by King Ferdinand he insisted that the rebels must surrender unconditionally.[152] He took those who had surrendered under the amnesty under armed guard, including the former Admiral Francesco Caracciolo, who had commanded the Neapolitan navy under King Ferdinand but had changed sides during the brief Jacobin rule.[153] Nelson ordered his trial by court-martial and refused Caracciolo's request that it be held by British officers, nor was Caracciolo allowed to summon witnesses in his defence. Caracciolo was tried by royalist Neapolitan officers and sentenced to death. He asked to be shot rather than hanged, but Nelson, following the wishes of Queen Maria Carolina (a close friend of his mistress, Lady Hamilton) also refused this request and even ignored the court's request to allow 24 hours for Caracciolo to prepare himself. Caracciolo was hanged aboard the Neapolitan frigate Minerva at 5 o'clock the same afternoon.[154] Nelson kept the Jacobins imprisoned and approved of a wave of further executions, refusing to intervene despite pleas for clemency from the Hamiltons and the Queen of Naples.[155] When transports were finally allowed to carry the Jacobins to France, less than a third were still alive.[156] On 13 August 1799, King Ferdinand gave Nelson the newly created Dukedom of Bronté in the Kingdom of Sicily, in perpetual property, enclosing the Maniace Castle, the accompanying Abbey, and the land and the city of Bronte, this as a reward for his support of the monarchy.[157]

 

Nelson returned to Palermo in August and in September became the senior officer in the Mediterranean after Jervis' successor Lord Keith left to chase the French and Spanish fleets into the Atlantic.[158] Nelson spent the rest of 1799 at the Neapolitan court but put to sea again in February 1800 after Lord Keith's return. On 18 February Généreux, a survivor of the Nile, was sighted and Nelson gave chase, capturing her after a short battle and winning Keith's approval.[159] Nelson had a difficult relationship with his superior officer: he was gaining a reputation for insubordination, having initially refused to send ships when Keith requested them and on occasion returning to Palermo without orders, pleading poor health.[160] Keith's reports, and rumours of Nelson's close relationship with Emma Hamilton, were also circulating in London, and Earl Spencer wrote a pointed letter suggesting that he return home:

 

You will be more likely to recover your health and strength in England than in any inactive situation at a foreign Court, however pleasing the respect and gratitude shown to you for your services may be.

 

The recall of Sir William Hamilton to Britain was a further incentive for Nelson to return, although he and the Hamiltons initially sailed from Naples on a brief cruise around Malta aboard the Foudroyant in April 1800. It was on this voyage that Horatio and Emma's illegitimate daughter Horatia was probably conceived.[162] After the cruise, Nelson conveyed the Queen of Naples and her suite to Leghorn. On his arrival, Nelson shifted his flag to HMS Alexander, but again disobeyed Keith's orders by refusing to join the main fleet. Keith came to Leghorn in person to demand an explanation, and refused to be moved by the Queen's pleas to allow her to be conveyed in a British ship.[163] In the face of Keith's demands, Nelson reluctantly struck his flag and bowed to Emma Hamilton's request to return to England by land.[164]

 

Nelson, the Hamiltons and several other British travellers left Leghorn for Florence on 13 July. They made stops at Trieste and Vienna, spending three weeks in the latter where they were entertained by the local nobility and heard the Missa in Angustiis by Haydn that now bears Nelson's name.[165] By September they were in Prague, and later called at Dresden, Dessau and Hamburg, from where they caught a packet ship to Great Yarmouth, arriving on 6 November.[166] Nelson was given a hero's welcome and after being sworn in as a freeman of the borough and received the massed crowd's applause. He subsequently made his way to London, arriving on 9 November. He attended court and was guest of honour at a number of banquets and balls. It was during this period that Fanny Nelson and Emma Hamilton met for the first time. During this period, Nelson was reported as being cold and distant to his wife and his attention to Emma became the subject of gossip.[167] With the marriage breaking down, Nelson began to hate even being in the same room as Fanny. Events came to a head around Christmas, when according to Nelson's solicitor, Fanny issued an ultimatum on whether he was to choose her or Emma. Nelson replied:

 

I love you sincerely but I cannot forget my obligations to Lady Hamilton or speak of her otherwise than with affection and admiration.[168]

 

The two never lived together again after this.

 

Shortly after his arrival in England Nelson was appointed to be second-in-command of the Channel Fleet under Lord St Vincent.[169] He was promoted to Vice Admiral of the Blue on 1 January 1801,[170] and travelled to Plymouth, where on 22 January he was granted the freedom of the city, and on 29 January Emma gave birth to their daughter, Horatia.[171] Nelson was delighted, but subsequently disappointed when he was instructed to move his flag from HMS San Josef to HMS St George in preparation for a planned expedition to the Baltic.[172] Tired of British ships imposing a blockade against French trade and stopping and searching their merchants, the Russian, Prussian, Danish and Swedish governments had formed an alliance to break the blockade. Nelson joined Admiral Sir Hyde Parker's fleet at Yarmouth, from where they sailed for the Danish coast in March. On their arrival Parker was inclined to blockade the Danish and control the entrance to the Baltic, but Nelson urged a pre-emptive attack on the Danish fleet at harbour in Copenhagen.[173] He convinced Parker to allow him to make an assault, and was given significant reinforcements. Parker himself would wait in the Kattegat, covering Nelson's fleet in case of the arrival of the Swedish or Russian fleets.

 

On the morning of 2 April 1801, Nelson began to advance into Copenhagen harbour. The battle began badly for the British, with HMS Agamemnon, HMS Bellona and HMS Russell running aground, and the rest of the fleet encountering heavier fire from the Danish shore batteries than had been anticipated. Parker sent the signal for Nelson to withdraw, reasoning:

 

I will make the signal for recall for Nelson's sake. If he is in a condition to continue the action he will disregard it; if he is not, it will be an excuse for his retreat and no blame can be attached to him.[175]

 

Nelson, directing action aboard HMS Elephant, was informed of the signal by the signal lieutenant, Frederick Langford, but angrily responded: 'I told you to look out on the Danish commodore and let me know when he surrendered. Keep your eyes fixed on him.'[176] He then turned to his flag captain, Thomas Foley, and said 'You know, Foley, I have only one eye. I have a right to be blind sometimes.' He raised the telescope to his blind eye, and said 'I really do not see the signal.'[176][177] The battle lasted three hours, leaving both Danish and British fleets heavily damaged. At length Nelson dispatched a letter to the Danish commander, Crown Prince Frederick, calling for a truce, which the Prince accepted.[178] Parker approved of Nelson's actions in retrospect, and Nelson was given the honour of going into Copenhagen the next day to open formal negotiations.[179][180] At a banquet that evening he told Prince Frederick that the battle had been the most severe he had ever been in.[181] The outcome of the battle and several weeks of ensuing negotiations was a 14-week armistice, and on Parker's recall in May, Nelson became commander-in-chief in the Baltic Sea.[182] As a reward for the victory, he was created Viscount Nelson of the Nile and of Burnham Thorpe in the County of Norfolk, on 19 May 1801.[183] In addition, on 4 August 1801, he was created Baron Nelson, of the Nile and of Hilborough in the County of Norfolk, this time with a special remainder to his father and sisters.[184][185] Nelson subsequently sailed to the Russian naval base at Reval in May, and there learned that the pact of armed neutrality was to be disbanded. Satisfied with the outcome of the expedition, he returned to England, arriving on 1 July.

 

Nelson was appointed commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Fleet and given the first-rate HMS Victory as his flagship. He joined her at Portsmouth, where he received orders to sail to Malta and take command of a squadron there before joining the blockade of Toulon.[192] Nelson arrived off Toulon in July 1803 and spent the next year and a half enforcing the blockade. He was promoted to Vice Admiral of the White while still at sea, on 23 April 1804.[193] In January 1805 the French fleet, under Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, escaped Toulon and eluded the blockading British. Nelson set off in pursuit but after searching the eastern Mediterranean he learned that the French had been blown back into Toulon.[194] Villeneuve managed to break out a second time in April, and this time succeeded in passing through the Strait of Gibraltar and into the Atlantic, bound for the West Indies.[194]

 

Nelson gave chase, but after arriving in the Caribbean spent June in a fruitless search for the fleet. Villeneuve had briefly cruised around the islands before heading back to Europe, in contravention of Napoleon's orders.[195] The returning French fleet was intercepted by a British fleet under Sir Robert Calder and engaged in the Battle of Cape Finisterre, but managed to reach Ferrol with only minor losses.[196] Nelson returned to Gibraltar at the end of July, and travelled from there to England, dismayed at his failure to bring the French to battle and expecting to be censured.[197] To his surprise he was given a rapturous reception from crowds who had gathered to view his arrival, while senior British officials congratulated him for sustaining the close pursuit and credited him for saving the West Indies from a French invasion.[197] Nelson briefly stayed in London, where he was cheered wherever he went, before visiting Merton to see Emma, arriving in late August. He entertained a number of his friends and relations there over the coming month, and began plans for a grand engagement with the enemy fleet, one that would surprise his foes by forcing a pell-mell battle on them.[198]

 

Captain Henry Blackwood arrived at Merton early on 2 September, bringing news that the French and Spanish fleets had combined and were currently at anchor in Cádiz. Nelson hurried to London where he met with cabinet ministers and was given command of the fleet blockading Cádiz. It was while attending one of these meetings on 12 September, with Lord Castlereagh the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, that Nelson and Major General Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, met briefly in a waiting room. Wellington was waiting to be debriefed on his Indian operations, and Nelson on his chase and future plans. Wellington later recalled, 'He (Nelson) entered at once into conversation with me, if I can call it conversation, for it was almost all on his side and all about himself and, in reality, a style so vain and so silly as to surprise and almost disgust me.'[199] However, after a few minutes Nelson left the room and having been told who his companion was, returned and entered into an earnest and intelligent discussion with the young Wellesley which lasted for a quarter of an hour, on the war, the state of the colonies and the geopolitical situation, that left a marked impression upon Wellesley. This was the only meeting between the two men.

 

Nelson returned briefly to Merton to set his affairs in order and bid farewell to Emma, before travelling back to London and then on to Portsmouth, arriving there early in the morning of 14 September. He breakfasted at the George Inn with his friends George Rose, the Vice-President of the Board of Trade, and George Canning, the Treasurer of the Navy. During the breakfast word spread of Nelson's presence at the inn and a large crowd of well wishers gathered. They accompanied Nelson to his barge and cheered him off, which Nelson acknowledged by raising his hat. Nelson was recorded as having turned to his colleague and stated, "I had their huzzas before: I have their hearts now".[200][201][202] Robert Southey reported that of the onlookers for Nelson's walk to the dock, "Many were in tears and many knelt down before him and blessed him as he passed".[203]

 

Victory joined the British fleet off Cádiz on 27 September, Nelson taking over from Rear-Admiral Collingwood.[204] He spent the following weeks preparing and refining his tactics for the anticipated battle and dining with his captains to ensure they understood his intentions.[205] Nelson had devised a plan of attack that anticipated the allied fleet would form up in a traditional line of battle. Drawing on his own experience from the Nile and Copenhagen, and the examples of Duncan at Camperdown and Rodney at the Saintes, Nelson decided to split his fleet into squadrons rather than forming it into a similar line parallel to the enemy.[206] These squadrons would then cut the enemy's line in a number of places, allowing a pell-mell battle to develop in which the British ships could overwhelm and destroy parts of their opponents' formation, before the unengaged enemy ships could come to their aid.

 

The combined French and Spanish fleet under Villeneuve's command numbered 33 ships of the line. Napoleon Bonaparte had intended for Villeneuve to sail into the English Channel and cover the planned invasion of Britain, but the entry of Austria and Russia into the war forced Napoleon to call off the planned invasion and transfer troops to Germany. Villeneuve had been reluctant to risk an engagement with the British, and this reluctance led Napoleon to order Vice-Admiral François Rosily to go to Cádiz and take command of the fleet, sail it into the Mediterranean to land troops at Naples, before making port at Toulon.[204] Villeneuve decided to sail the fleet out before his successor arrived.[204] On 20 October 1805 the fleet was sighted making its way out of harbour by patrolling British frigates, and Nelson was informed that they appeared to be heading to the west.[207]

  

The Battle of Trafalgar by J. M. W. Turner (oil on canvas, 1822–1824) shows the last three letters of the signal, "England expects that every man will do his duty" flying from Victory.

At four o'clock in the morning of 21 October Nelson ordered the Victory to turn towards the approaching enemy fleet, and signalled the rest of his force to battle stations. He then went below and made his will, before returning to the quarterdeck to carry out an inspection.[208] Despite having 27 ships to Villeneuve's 33, Nelson was confident of success, declaring that he would not be satisfied with taking fewer than 20 prizes.[208] He returned briefly to his cabin to write a final prayer, after which he joined Victory’s signal lieutenant, John Pasco.

 

Mr Pasco, I wish to say to the fleet "England confides that every man will do his duty". You must be quick, for I have one more signal to make, which is for close action.[209]

 

Pasco suggested changing 'confides' to 'expects', which being in the Signal Book, could be signalled by the use of a single flag, whereas 'confides' would have to spelt out letter by letter. Nelson agreed, and the signal was hoisted.[209]

 

As the fleets converged, the Victory’s captain, Thomas Hardy suggested that Nelson remove the decorations on his coat, so that he would not be so easily identified by enemy sharpshooters. Nelson replied that it was too late 'to be shifting a coat', adding that they were 'military orders and he did not fear to show them to the enemy'.[210] Captain Henry Blackwood, of the frigate HMS Euryalus, suggested Nelson come aboard his ship to better observe the battle. Nelson refused, and also turned down Hardy's suggestion to let Eliab Harvey's HMS Temeraire come ahead of the Victory and lead the line into battle.

 

Victory came under fire, initially passing wide, but then with greater accuracy as the distances decreased. A cannonball struck and killed Nelson's secretary, John Scott, nearly cutting him in two. Hardy's clerk took over, but he too was almost immediately killed. Victory’s wheel was shot away, and another cannonball cut down eight marines. Hardy, standing next to Nelson on the quarterdeck, had his shoe buckle dented by a splinter. Nelson observed 'this is too warm work to last long'.[211] The Victory had by now reached the enemy line, and Hardy asked Nelson which ship to engage first. Nelson told him to take his pick, and Hardy moved Victory across the stern of the 80-gun French flagship Bucentaure.[211] Victory then came under fire from the 74-gun Redoutable, lying off the Bucentaure’s stern, and the 130-gun Santísima Trinidad. As sharpshooters from the enemy ships fired onto Victory’s deck from their rigging, Nelson and Hardy continued to walk about, directing and giving orders.

 

Shortly after one o'clock, Hardy realised that Nelson was not by his side. He turned to see Nelson kneeling on the deck, supporting himself with his hand, before falling onto his side. Hardy rushed to him, at which point Nelson smiled

 

Hardy, I do believe they have done it at last… my backbone is shot through.[211]

 

He had been hit by a marksman from the Redoutable, firing at a range of 50 feet (15 m). The bullet had entered his left shoulder, passed through his spine at the sixth and seventh thoracic vertebrae, and lodged two inches (5 cm) below his right shoulder blade in the muscles of his back.

 

Nelson was carried below by sergeant-major of marines Robert Adair and two seamen. As he was being carried down, he asked them to pause while he gave some advice to a midshipman on the handling of the tiller.[212] He then draped a handkerchief over his face to avoid causing alarm amongst the crew. He was taken to the surgeon William Beatty, telling him

 

You can do nothing for me. I have but a short time to live. My back is shot through.[213]

 

Nelson was made comfortable, fanned and brought lemonade and watered wine to drink after he complained of feeling hot and thirsty. He asked several times to see Hardy, who was on deck supervising the battle, and asked Beatty to remember him to Emma, his daughter and his friends.[213]

 

Hardy came belowdecks to see Nelson just after half-past two, and informed him that a number of enemy ships had surrendered. Nelson told him that he was sure to die, and begged him to pass his possessions to Emma.[214] With Nelson at this point were the chaplain Alexander Scott, the purser Walter Burke, Nelson's steward, Chevalier, and Beatty. Nelson, fearing that a gale was blowing up, instructed Hardy to be sure to anchor. After reminding him to "take care of poor Lady Hamilton", Nelson said "Kiss me, Hardy".[214] Beatty recorded that Hardy knelt and kissed Nelson on the cheek. He then stood for a minute or two before kissing him on the forehead. Nelson asked, "Who is that?", and on hearing that it was Hardy, he replied "God bless you, Hardy."[214] By now very weak, Nelson continued to murmur instructions to Burke and Scott, "fan, fan … rub, rub … drink, drink." Beatty heard Nelson murmur, "Thank God I have done my duty", and when he returned, Nelson's voice had faded and his pulse was very weak.[214] He looked up as Beatty took his pulse, then closed his eyes. Scott, who remained by Nelson as he died, recorded his last words as "God and my country".[215] Nelson died at half-past four, three hours after he had been shot.

 

Nelson's body was placed in a cask of brandy mixed with camphor and myrrh, which was then lashed to the Victory's mainmast and placed under guard.[216] Victory was towed to Gibraltar after the battle, and on arrival the body was transferred to a lead-lined coffin filled with spirits of wine.[216] Collingwood's dispatches about the battle were carried to England aboard HMS Pickle, and when the news arrived in London, a messenger was sent to Merton Place to bring the news of Nelson's death to Emma Hamilton. She later recalled,

 

They brought me word, Mr Whitby from the Admiralty. "Show him in directly", I said. He came in, and with a pale countenance and faint voice, said, "We have gained a great Victory." – "Never mind your Victory", I said. "My letters – give me my letters" – Captain Whitby was unable to speak – tears in his eyes and a deathly paleness over his face made me comprehend him. I believe I gave a scream and fell back, and for ten hours I could neither speak nor shed a tear.[217]

 

King George III, on receiving the news, is alleged to have said, in tears, "We have lost more than we have gained."[218] The Times reported

 

We do not know whether we should mourn or rejoice. The country has gained the most splendid and decisive Victory that has ever graced the naval annals of England; but it has been dearly purchased.[218]

 

The first tribute to Nelson was fittingly offered at sea by sailors of Vice-Admiral Dmitry Senyavin's passing Russian squadron, which saluted on learning of the death.

 

Nelson's body was unloaded from the Victory at the Nore. It was conveyed upriver in Commander Grey's yacht Chatham to Greenwich and placed in a lead coffin, and that in another wooden one, made from the mast of L'Orient which had been salvaged after the Battle of the Nile. He lay in state in the Painted Hall at Greenwich for three days, before being taken upriver aboard a barge, accompanied by Lord Hood, chief mourner Sir Peter Parker, and the Prince of Wales.[220] The Prince of Wales at first announced his intention to attend the funeral as chief mourner, but later attended in a private capaci